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template
class Rational {
public:
Rational(const T& numerator = 0, // see¡¶C++óðÑÔ£ºÓô«ÒýÓøøconstÈ¡´ú´«Öµ¡·for why params
const T& denominator = 1); // are now passed by reference
const T numerator() const; // see¡¶C++óðÑÔ£º±ÜÃâ·µ»Ø¶ÔÏóÄÚ²¿¹¹¼þµÄ¾ä±ú¡·for why return
const T denominator() const; // values are still passed by value,
... // Item 3 for why they're const
};
template
const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs,
const Rational& rhs)
{ ... }
¾ÍÏñÔÚ¡¶C++óðÑÔ£ºÉùÃ÷Ϊ·Ç³ÉÔ±º¯ÊýµÄʱ»ú¡·ÖУ¬ÎÒÏëÒªÖ§³Ö mixed-mode arithmetic£¨»ìºÏģʽÔËË㣩£¬ËùÒÔÎÒÃÇÒªÈÃÏÂÃæÕâЩ´úÂëÄܹ»±àÒë¡£ÎÒÃÇÖ¸ÍûËüÄÜ£¬ÒòΪÎÒÃÇʹÓÃÁËºÍ Item 24 ÖпÉÒÔ¹¤×÷µÄ´úÂëÏàͬµÄ´úÂë¡£½öÓеÄÇø±ðÊÇ Rational ºÍ operator* ÏÖÔÚÊÇ templates£¨Ä£°å£©£º
Rational oneHalf(1, 2); // this example is from ¡¶C++óðÑÔ£ºÉùÃ÷Ϊ·Ç³ÉÔ±º¯ÊýµÄʱ»ú¡·,
// except Rational is now a template
Rational result = oneHalf * 2; // error! won't compile
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ʹÓà oneHalf µÄÍÆÑݺܼòµ¥¡£operator* µÄµÚÒ»¸ö parameter£¨ÐβΣ©±»ÉùÃ÷Ϊ Rational ÀàÐÍ£¬¶ø´«Èë operator* µÄµÚÒ»¸ö argument£¨Êµ²Î£©(oneHalf) ÊÇ Rational ÀàÐÍ£¬ËùÒÔ T Ò»¶¨ÊÇ int¡£²»ÐÒµÄÊÇ£¬¶ÔÆäËü²ÎÊýµÄÍÆÑÝûÄÇô¼òµ¥¡£operator* µÄµÚ¶þ¸ö parameter£¨ÐβΣ©±»ÉùÃ÷Ϊ Rational ÀàÐÍ£¬µ«ÊÇ´«Èë operator* µÄµÚ¶þ¸ö argument£¨Êµ²Î£©(2) µÄ int ÀàÐÍ¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ÈñàÒëÆ÷ÈçºÎ¶Ï¶¨ T ÊÇʲôÄØ£¿Äã¿ÉÄÜÆÚÍûËüÃÇ»áʹÓà Rational µÄ non-explicit constructor£¨·ÇÏÔʽ¹¹Ô캯Êý£©½«2 ת»»³ÉÒ»¸ö Rational£¬ÕâÑù¾ÍʹËüÃÇÍÆÑݳö T ÊÇ int£¬µ«ÊÇËüÃDz»ÕâÑù×ö¡£ËüÃDz»ÕâÑù×öÊÇÒòΪÔÚ template argument deduction£¨Ä£°åʵ²ÎÍÆÑÝ£©¹ý³ÌÖдӲ»¿¼ÂÇ implicit type conversion functions£¨ÒþʽÀàÐÍת»»º¯Êý£©¡£
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ÔÚÒ»¸ö template class£¨Ä£°åÀࣩÖеÄÒ»¸ö friend declaration£¨ÓÑÔªÉùÃ÷£©¿ÉÒÔÖ¸Éæµ½Ò»¸öÌض¨µÄº¯Êý£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÀûÓÃÕâÒ»ÊÂʵΪÊܵ½ template argument deduction£¨Ä£°åʵ²ÎÍÆÑÝ£©ÌôÕ½µÄ±àÒëÆ÷½âΧ¡£Õâ¾ÍÒâζ×Å class Rational ¿ÉÒÔΪ Rational ÉùÃ÷×÷Ϊһ¸ö friend function£¨ÓÑÔªº¯Êý£©µÄ operator*¡£class templates£¨ÀàÄ£°å£©²»ÒÀ¿¿ template argument deduction£¨Ä£°åʵ²ÎÍÆÑÝ£©£¨Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì½öÊÊÓÃÓÚ function templates£¨º¯ÊýÄ£°å£©£©£¬ËùÒÔ T ÔÚ class Rational ±»ÊµÀý»¯Ê±×ÜÊÇÒÑÖªµÄ¡£Í¨¹ý½«Êʵ±µÄ operator* ÉùÃ÷Ϊ Rational class µÄÒ»¸ö friend£¨ÓÑÔª£©Ê¹Æä±äµÃÈÝÒ×£º
template
class Rational {
public:
...
friend // declare operator*
const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs, // function (see
const Rational& rhs); // below for details)
};
template // define operator*
const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs, // functions
const Rational& rhs)
{ ... }
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ÔÚÒ»¸ö class template£¨ÀàÄ£°å£©ÄÚ²¿£¬template£¨Ä£°å£©µÄÃû×Ö¿ÉÒÔ±»ÓÃ×ö template£¨Ä£°å£©ºÍËüµÄ parameters£¨²ÎÊý£©µÄËõд£¬ËùÒÔ£¬ÔÚ Rational ÄÚ²¿£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔֻд Rational ´úÌæ Rational¡£ÔÚ±¾ÀýÖÐÕâֻΪÎÒÃǽÚÊ¡Á˼¸¸ö×Ö·û£¬µ«Êǵ±Óжà¸ö²ÎÊý»òÓиü³¤µÄ²ÎÊýÃûʱ£¬Õâ¼ÈÄܽÚÊ¡»÷¼ü´ÎÊýÓÖÄÜʹ×îÖյĴúÂëÏԵøüÇåÎú¡£ÎÒ°ÑÕâÒ»µãÌáÇ°£¬ÊÇÒòΪ operator* ±»ÉùÃ÷ΪȡµÃ²¢·µ»Ø Rationals£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ Rationals¡£Ëü¾ÍÏñÈçÏÂÕâÑùÉùÃ÷ operator* Ò»ÑùºÏ·¨£º
template
class Rational {
public:
...
friend
const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs,
const Rational& rhs);
...
};
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template
class Rational {
public:
...
friend const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs, const Rational& rhs)
{
return Rational(lhs.numerator() * rhs.numerator(), // same impl
lhs.denominator() * rhs.denominator()); // as in
} //¡¶C++óðÑÔ£ºÉùÃ÷Ϊ·Ç³ÉÔ±º¯ÊýµÄʱ»ú¡·
};
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Rational ÊÇÒ»¸ö template£¨Ä£°å£©µÄÊÂʵÒâζ×ÅÄǸö helper function£¨¸¨Öúº¯Êý£©Í¨³£Ò²ÊÇÒ»¸ö template£¨Ä£°å£©£¬ËùÒÔµäÐÍÇé¿öÏÂÔÚÍ·ÎļþÖж¨Òå Rational µÄ´úÂë¿´ÆðÀ´´óÖÂÈçÏ£º
template class Rational; // declare
// Rational
// template
template // declare
const Rational doMultiply(const Rational& lhs, // helper
const Rational& rhs); // template
template
class Rational {
public:
...
friend
const Rational operator*(const Rational& lhs,
const Rational& rhs) // Have friend
{ return doMultiply(lhs, rhs); } // call helper
...
};
¶àÊý±àÒëÆ÷»ù±¾ÉÏ»áÇ¿ÆÈÄã°ÑËùÓÐµÄ template definitions£¨Ä£°å¶¨Ò壩¶¼·ÅÔÚÍ·ÎļþÖУ¬ËùÒÔÄã¿ÉÄÜͬÑùÐèÒªÔÚÄãµÄÍ·ÎļþÖж¨Òå doMultiply¡££¨¾ÍÏñ Item 30 ²ûÊöµÄ£¬ÕâÑùµÄ templates£¨Ä£å£©²»ÐèÒ?inline£¨ÄÚÁª£©¡££©¿ÉÄÜ¿´ÆðÀ´¾ÍÏñÕâÑù£º
template // define
const Rational doMultiply(const Rational& lhs, // helper
const Rational& rhs) // template in
{ // header file,
return Rational(lhs.numerator() * rhs.numerator(), // if necessary
lhs.denominator() * rhs.denominator());
}
µ±È»£¬×÷Ϊһ¸ö template£¨Ä£°å£©£¬doMultiply ²»Ö§³Ö»ìºÏģʽ³Ë·¨£¬µ«ÊÇËü²»ÐèÒª¡£ËüÖ»±» operator* µ÷Ó㬶ø operator* Ö§³Ö»ìºÏģʽÔËË㣡±¾ÖÊÉÏ£¬º¯Êý operator* Ö§³ÖΪÁËÈ·±£±»Ïà³ËµÄÊÇÁ½¸ö Rational objects ¶ø±ØÐèµÄ¸÷ÖÖ type conversions£¨ÀàÐÍת»»£©£¬È»ºóËü½«ÕâÁ½¸ö objects ´«µÝ¸øÒ»¸ö doMultiply template£¨Ä£°å£©µÄÊʵ±µÄʵÀý»¯À´×öʵ¼ÊµÄ³Ë·¨¡£ÅäºÏÐж¯£¬²»ÊÇÂð£¿
Things to Remember
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