TCP/IP ¼òÊ·
½üÄêÀ´£¬Ëæ×Å¡°´«Êä¿ØÖÆÐÒ飯Íø¼ÊÐÒ飨TCP/IP£©¡±Ì×¼þµÄ¹ã·ºÊ¹Óã¬ËüÒѾ³ÉΪÍøÂçͨÐÅÖÐÊÂʵÉϵıê×¼¡£Õâ¾ø´ó²¿·ÖÒª¹é¹¦ÓÚÒòÌØÍøµÄѸÃÍ·¢Õ¹ÒÔ¼°¶ÔÔÚ²»Í¬Æ½Ì¨¡¢É豸ºÍ²Ù×÷ϵͳÖÐÒÔËüÃǶ¼Àí½âµÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±À´¹²ÏíÊý¾ÝµÄÐèÒª¡£ÈÃÎÒÃÇÊ×ÏÈÁ˽â TCP/IP µÄÀúÊ·¡£
ÔÚ 20 ÊÀ¼Í 60 Äê´úºóÆÚ£¬ÃÀ¹ú¹ú·À²¿£¨DOD£©Òâʶµ½ÆäÄÚ²¿ÈÕ½¥Í»³öµÄͨÐÅÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚ DOD ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±¡¢Ñо¿ÊµÑéÊÒ¡¢´óѧÒÔ¼°³Ð°üÉÌÖ®¼äÈÕÒæÔö³¤µÄµç×ÓÐÅϢͨÐÅÁ¿Óöµ½ÁËÑÏÖصÄÕÏ°¡£×é³É DOD µÄ²»Í¬ÊµÌåºÍ×éÖ¯ÓµÓÐÀ´×Ô²»Í¬¼ÆËã»úÖÆÔìÉ̵ļÆËã»úϵͳ£¬ÕâЩ¼ÆËã»úϵͳÔËÐв»Í¬µÄ²Ù×÷ϵͳ²¢Ê¹Óò»Í¬ÍøÂçÍØÆ˽ṹºÍÐÒé¡£
¸ß¼¶Ñо¿ÏîÄ¿¾Ö£¨Advanced Research Projects Agency£¬ARPA£©±»ÊÚÃüÌá³öÒ»ÖÖ½â¾öÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄ·½°¸¡£ARPA Óë¸÷´óѧºÍ¼ÆËã»úÖÆÔìÉ̽áÃËÀ´¿ª·¢Ò»×éͨÐűê×¼¡£¸ÃÁªÃËÈ·¶¨²¢¹¹½¨ÁË 4 ½ÚµãµÄÍøÂ磬Õâ¾Í³ÉΪµ±½ñÒòÌØÍøµÄ»ù´¡¡£ÔÚ 20 ÊÀ¼Í 70 Äê´ú£¬¸ÃÍøÂçÒÆÖ²µ½Ò»¸öеġ¢ºËÐĵÄÐÒéÉè¼ÆÖУ¬Õâ¸öÐÒé¾Í³ÉΪ TCP/IP µÄ»ù´¡¡£
¿ª·Åϵͳ»¥Á¬£¨Open System Interconnection£¬OSI£©Ä£ÐÍ
ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÎÒÃÇʹÓÃÐí¶à²»Í¬ÀàÐ͵ļÆËã»ú£¬ËüÃÇÓÐ×Ų»Í¬µÄ²Ù×÷ϵͳ¡¢CPU ºÍÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÈµÈ¡£ÕâЩ²»Í¬Ê¹µÃ¼ÆËã»úϵͳ¼äµÄͨÐųöÏÖÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚ 1997 Ä꣬¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼»¯×éÖ¯£¨ISO£©´´½¨ÁËÒ»¸öС×éίԱ»áÀ´¿ª·¢Êý¾ÝͨÐűê×¼ÒÔ´Ù½ø¶à¹©Ó¦É̵Ļ¥²Ù×÷ÐÔ¡£Æä½á¹û¾ÍÊÇ¿ª·Åϵͳ»¥Á¬£¨OSI£©Ä£ÐÍ¡£
OSI Ä£ÐͲ¢Î´È·¶¨ÈκÎͨÐűê×¼»òÐÒ飻Ïà·´£¬ËüÖ»ÊÇÌṩÁËͨÐÅÈÎÎñÓ¦¸Ã×ñѵÄһЩָµ¼ÐÔ½¨Òé¡£
×¢£ºOSI Ä£ÐÍÖ»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÄ£ÐÍ»ò¿ò¼Ü£¬ËüÈ·¶¨ÁËÒªÖ´ÐеŦÄÜ£¬Àí½âÕâÒ»µãºÜÖØÒª¡£Ëü²¢Î´Ïêϸ˵Ã÷ÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐÕâЩ¹¦ÄÜ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬¶ÔÓÚ²¿·Ö OSI Ä£ÐÍ£¬ISO Ҳȷʵ½ÓÄÉÁËijЩ·ûºÏ OSI ±ê×¼µÄ¾ßÌåÐÒé¡£ÀýÈ磬ISO ½ÓÊÜ CCITT X.25 ÐÒ飬¸ÃÐÒé×÷ΪһÖÖʵÏÖÌṩÁË OSI Ä£ÐÍÖÐÍøÂç²ãµÄ´ó²¿·Ö·þÎñ¡£
7 ¸ö OSI ²ã
Ϊ¼òµ¥Æð¼û£¬ISO С×éίԱ»á²ÉÓ÷ֶøÖÎÖ®µÄ·½·¨¡£½«¸´ÔÓµÄͨÐŹý³Ì·ÖΪ½ÏСµÄ×ÓÈÎÎñ£¬ÎÊÌâ¾Í±äµÃ¸üÈÝÒ×´¦Àí£¬Ã¿¸ö×ÓÈÎÎñ¿ÉÒÔ·Ö±ðÓÅ»¯¡£OSI Ä£ÐÍÓÉ 7 ²ã×é³É£º
? Ó¦Óòã
? ±íʾ²ã
? »á»°²ã
? ´«Êä²ã
? ÍøÂç²ã
? Êý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ã
? ÎïÀí²ã
¸øÿһ²ã¶¼·ÖÅäÁËÒ»×éÌض¨µÄ¹¦ÄÜ¡£Ã¿Ò»²ã¶¼Ê¹ÓÃϲãµÄ·þÎñ²¢ÎªÆäÉϲãÌṩ·þÎñ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÍøÂç²ãʹÓÃÊý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ãµÄ·þÎñ²¢Îª´«Êä²ãÌṩÓëÍøÂçÏà¹ØµÄ·þÎñ¡£
OSI ²ã£¬Ðø
ÀûÓÃÏàÁÚ²ãµÄ·þÎñºÍΪÆäÏàÁÚ²ãÌṩ·þÎñ£¬ÕâÖÖ²ãµÄ¸ÅÄîºÜ¼òµ¥¡£¿¼Âǹ«Ë¾ÊÇÈçºÎÔË×öµÄ£ºÃØÊéд±¸Íü¼À´Ïò×ܲã¨ÏàÁÚµÄÉÏÒ»²ã£©ÌṩÃØÊé·þÎñ¡£ÃØÊéʹÓÃÐÅʹµÄ·þÎñ£¨ÏàÁÚµÄÏÂÒ»²ã£©À´·¢ËÍÏûÏ¢¡£Í¨¹ý½«ÕâЩ·þÎñ·Ö¿ª£¬ÃØÊ飨ӦÓóÌÐò£©¾Í²»±ØÖªµÀÏûϢʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÈçºÎ´«µÝµ½½ÓÊÕÕßÊÖÖС£ÃØÊéÖ»ÐèÒªÇóÐÅʹ£¨ÍøÂ磩·¢ËÍÏûÏ¢¼´¿É¡£ÕýÈçÐí¶àÃØÊéͨ¹ýʹÓÃÕâÖÖ±ê×¼µÄÐÅʹ·þÎñÀ´·¢Ëͱ¸Íü¼һÑù£¬·Ö²ãµÄÍøÂç¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý½«ÐÅÏ¢°ü½»¸øÍøÂç²ãÀ´·¢ËÍÕâЩÐÅÏ¢°ü¡£
×¢£º²»Òª½«Ó¦ÓòãÓëÔÚ¼ÆËã»úÉÏÖ´ÐеÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐò»ìÏý£¨ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄÖж¼ÊÇÒ»¸ö´Ê -- application£©¡£Çë¼Çס£¬Ó¦ÓòãÊÇ OSI Ä£Ð͵ÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Ëü²¢Î´¾ßÌåÖ¸¶¨Óû§ºÍͨÐÅ·¾¶Ö®¼äµÄ½Ó¿ÚÊÇÈçºÎ¹¤×÷µÄ£¬Ó¦ÓóÌÐòÊÇÕâ¸ö½Ó¿ÚµÄ¾ßÌåʵÏÖ¡£Êµ¼ÊµÄÓ¦ÓóÌÐòͨ³£Ö´ÐÐÓ¦Óò㡢»á»°²ãºÍ±íʾ²ãµÄ·þÎñ£¬¶ø½«´«Êä²ã¡¢ÍøÂç²ã¡¢Êý¾ÝÁ´½Ó²ãºÍÎïÀí²ã·þÎñÁô¸øÍøÂç²Ù×÷ϵͳÀ´´¦Àí¡£
¿ç²ãͨÐÅ
ÿһ²ã¶¼ÓëÆäËü¼ÆËã»úÖеÄͬһ²ãͨÐÅ¡£ÀýÈ磬һ¸öϵͳÖÐµÄµÚ 3 ²ãÓëÁíÒ»¸ö¼ÆËã»úϵͳµÄµÚ 3 ²ãͨÐÅ¡£
µ±ÐÅÏ¢´ÓÒ»²ã´«µ½ÏÂÒ»²ãʱ£¬»áÔÚÊý¾ÝÇ°Ãæ¼ÓÒ»¸öÍ·£¬ÒÔÖ¸³ö¸ÃÐÅÏ¢µÄÀ´Ô´ºÍÄ¿µÄµØ¡£À´×Ôijһ²ãµÄÓÉÊý¾ÝºÍÍ·Ëù×é³ÉµÄÐÅÏ¢¿éÓÖ³ÉΪÏÂÒ»²ãµÄÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬µ±µÚ 4 ²ã½«Êý¾Ý´«µÝµ½µÚ 3 ²ãʱ£¬Ëü»áÌí¼Ó×Ô¼ºµÄÍ·¡£µ±µÚ 3 ²ã½«¸ÃÐÅÏ¢´«µÝµ½µÚ 2 ²ãʱ£¬µÚ 3 ²ã»á½«À´×ÔµÚ 4 ²ãµÄÍ·¼ÓÊý¾Ý×÷ΪËüµÄÊý¾Ý£¬²¢ÔÚ¸ÃÊý¾ÝÇ°Ìí¼ÓµÚ 3 ²ãµÄÍ·£¬È»ºó²Å½«Õâ¸ö¡°Í· + Êý¾Ý¡±×éºÏ´«¸øÏÂÒ»²ã¡£
ÿһ²ãÐÅÏ¢µ¥ÔªµÄÃû³Æ¶¼²»Í¬£º
Ó¦Óòã --> ÏûÏ¢
´«Êä²ã--> ¶Î
ÍøÂç²ã --> Êý¾Ý±¨
Êý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ã --> Ö¡£¨Ò²³Æ×öÐÅÏ¢°ü£©
ÎïÀí²ã --> λ
ÔÚ OSI Ä£ÐͳöÏÖÇ°£¬ÃÀ¹ú¹ú·À²¿¶¨ÒåÁËËü×Ô¼ºµÄÍøÂçÄ£ÐÍ£¬¼´ DOD Ä£ÐÍ¡£DOD Ä£ÐÍÓë TCP/IP ÐÒéÌ×¼þÓнôÃܵÄÁªÏµ£¬Õ⽫ÔÚÏÂÒ»½Ú˵Ã÷¡£
TCP/IP ÐÒéÕ»£¨TCP£©
TCP/IP ÐÒéÕ»±íʾÁËÓë OSI Ä£ÐÍÀàËƵÄÍøÂçÌåϵ½á¹¹¡£
µ« TCP/IP ²»Ïó OSI Ä£ÐÍÄÇÑùÏêϸÇø·ÖÐÒéÕ»µÄÉÏÃ漸²ã¡£OSI ×îÉÏÃæµÄ 3 ²ã´óÖÂÓë TCP/IP µÄÍø¼Ê´¦ÀíÐÒéÏ൱¡£´¦ÀíÐÒéµÄһЩʾÀýÓÐ Telnet¡¢FTP¡¢SMTP¡¢NFS¡¢SNMP ºÍ DNS¡£
OSI Ä£Ð͵Ĵ«Êä²ã¸ºÔð¿É¿¿Êý¾ÝµÄ·¢ËÍ¡£ÔÚÍø¼ÊÐÒéÕ»ÖУ¬Õâ¶ÔÓ¦ÓÚÖ÷»úµ½Ö÷»úÐÒé¡£Õâ·½ÃæµÄʾÀýÊÇ TCP ºÍ UDP¡£TCP ÓÃÀ´×ª»»À´×ÔÉϲãÐÒéµÄ²»¶¨³¤ÏûÏ¢ÒÔ¼°ÌṩԶ³Ìϵͳ¼ä±ØÒªµÄÈ·ÈϺÍÃæÏòÁ¬½ÓµÄÁ÷¿ØÖÆ¡£
UDP Óë TCP ÏàËÆ£¬µ«Ëü²»ÊÇÃæÏòÁ¬½ÓµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ²»¶ÔÊý¾Ý½ÓÊÕ½øÐÐÈ·ÈÏ¡£UDP ½ö½ÓÊÕÏûÏ¢²¢½«Æä´«µÝ¸øÉϲãÐÒé¡£ÒòΪ UDP ûÓÐÓë TCP ÓйصÄÄÇЩ¿ªÏú£¬ËùÒÔËüΪÈçÔ¶³Ì´ÅÅÌ·þÎñµÈ²Ù×÷Ìṩ¸ü¸ßЧµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£
TCP/IP ÐÒéÕ»£¨IP£©
Íø¼ÊÐÒ飨IP£©¸ºÔðϵͳ¼äÎÞÁ¬½Ó·½Ê½µÄͨÐÅ¡£ËüÏ൱ÓÚ OSI Ä£ÐÍÖÐÍøÂç²ãµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Ëü¸ºÔðÍøÂç¼äµÄÐÅÏ¢Òƶ¯¡£Í¨¹ý¼ì²éÍøÂç²ãµØÖ·À´Íê³ÉÕâÖÖͨÐÅ£¬¸ÃµØÖ·È·¶¨ÁË·¢ËÍÏûÏ¢µÄϵͳºÍ·¾¶¡£
IP ÌṩÓëÍøÂç²ãÏàͬµÄ¹¦Äܲ¢°ïÖú»ñȡϵͳ¼äµÄÏûÏ¢£¬µ«ÊÇËü²»±£Ö¤ÕâЩÏûÏ¢Äܹ»³É¹¦´«ËÍ¡£IP »¹¿ÉÒÔ½«ÕâЩÏûÏ¢·Ö³É¶à¸ö¶Î£¬È»ºóÔÚÄ¿µÄµØÖØ×éÕâЩ¶Î¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÿһ¶Î¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÓò»Í¬µÄÍøÂç·¾¶ÔÚϵͳ¼ä´«ËÍ¡£Èç¹ûÕâЩ¶Îµ½´ïʱÂÒÁË´ÎÐò£¬IP Ôò»áÔÚÄ¿µÄµØ½«ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢°üÖØ×é³ÉÕýÈ·µÄÐòÁС£
IP µØÖ·
Íø¼ÊÐÒéÒªÇóΪÍøÂçÉϵÄÿ¸öÉ豸·ÖÅäÒ»¸öµØÖ·¡£Õâ¸öµØÖ·¾ÍÊÇ IP µØÖ·£¬ËüÓÉ 4 ¸ö°ËλԪ×é³É¡£ÕâЩ°ËλԪÿ¸ö¶¼¶¨ÒåΨһµÄµØÖ·£¬Õâ¸öµØÖ·µÄÒ»²¿·Ö±íʾÍøÂ磨ÓÐʱҲ¿ÉÒÔ±íʾ×ÓÍø£©£¬¶øÁíÒ»²¿·ÖÔò±íʾÍøÂçÉÏÌض¨µÄ½Úµã¡£
ÔÚ TCP/IP ÍøÂçÖÐÓм¸¸öµØÖ·¾ßÓÐÌØÊ⺬Ò壺
? ÒÔÁ㿪ͷµÄµØÖ·±íʾµ±Ç°ÍøÂçÖеı¾µØ½Úµã¡£ÀýÈ磬0.0.0.23 Ö¸µ±Ç°ÍøÂçÖÐµÄ 23 ºÅ¹¤×÷Õ¾¡£µØÖ· 0.0.0.0 Ö¸µ±Ç°¹¤×÷Õ¾¡£
? ÔÚ½øÐйÊÕÏÅųýºÍÍøÂçÕï¶Ïʱ£¬ÒÔ 127 ¿ªÍ·µÄµØÖ··Ç³£ÖØÒª¡£ÐÎʽÉϽ«ÍøÂçµØÖ·¿é 127.x.x.x ¶¨ÒåΪ A ÀàµØÖ·£¬±£ÁôÁ˸õØÖ·¿éÒÔÓÃÓÚÄÚ²¿»ØËÍ£¨loopback£©¡£
? ½«µØÖ·ÉÏËùÓÐλȫÖÃΪ 1£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇÖµ 255£©´ú±í"ËùÓÐ"µØÖ·¡£ËùÒÔ£¬192.18.255.255 Òâζ׎«ÏûÏ¢·¢Ë͸ø 192.18. ÍøÂçÉϵÄËùÓнڵ㣻ÀàËƵģ¬255.255.255.255 Òâζ׎«ÏûÏ¢·¢Ë͸øÒòÌØÍøÉϵÄÿ¸ö½Úµã¡£ÕâЩµØÖ·ÓÃÓÚ¶àµã¹ã²¥ÏûÏ¢ºÍ·þÎñ¹«¸æ¡£
×¢Ò⣺¸øϵͳ·ÖÅä½ÚµãºÅʱ£¬²»ÒªÊ¹Óà 0 »ò 255£¬ËüÃǶ¼ÊDZ£ÁôÊý×Ö£¬¾ßÓÐÌØÊ⺬Òå¡£
IP µØÖ·ÀàÐÍ
½« IP µØÖ·°´Ò»¶¨·¶Î§·ÖÅ䣬³ÆΪ½« IP µØÖ··ÖÀ࣬ÕâÈ¡¾öÓÚÓ¦ÓúÍ×éÖ¯µÄ¹æÄ£¡£ÈýÖÖ×î³£¼ûµÄÀàÐ͵ØÖ·ÊÇ A ÀàµØÖ·£¬B ÀàµØÖ·ºÍ C ÀàµØÖ·¡£ÕâÈýÖÖ·ÖÀà±íʾÁË¿ÉΪ±¾µØÍøÂç·ÖÅäµÄ IP µØÖ·ÖÐλµÄÊýÄ¿¡£
A ÀàµØÖ·ÓÃÓڷdz£´óµÄÍøÂç»òÏà¹ØÍøÂçµÄ¼¯ºÏ¡£B ÀàµØÖ·ÓÃÓÚ³¬¹ý 256 ¸ö½Úµã£¨µ«ÉÙÓÚ 65536 ¸ö½Úµã£©µÄ´óÐÍÍøÂç¡£¶ø´ó¶àÊý×éÖ¯²ÉÓà C ÀàµØÖ·¡£Ò»¸ö×éÖ¯²ÉÓü¸¸ö C ÀàµØÖ·µÄ×ö·¨ÊÇÒ»¸öºÃÖ÷Ò⣬ÒòΪ B ÀàµØÖ·µÄÊýÁ¿ÊÇÓÐÏ޵ġ£ D ÀàµØÖ·±»±£ÁôÓÃÓÚÍøÂçÉÏÏûÏ¢µÄ¶àµã¹ã²¥£¬E ÀàµØÖ·Ôò±»±£ÁôÓÃÓÚʵÑéºÍ¿ª·¢¡£
Àà µØÖ·
A ´Ó 0.x.x.x µ½ 126.x.x.x
B ´Ó 128.0.x.x µ½ 191.255.x.x
C ´Ó 192.0.0.x µ½ 223.255.255.x
D ´Ó 224.0.0.1 µ½ 239.255.255.255
E ´Ó 240.x.x.x µ½ 255.255.255.255
¡°×¨Óá±IP µØÖ·
Èç¹ûÄúµÄÍøÂçûÓÐÁ¬½Óµ½ÒòÌØÍø¶øÇÒ×î½üÒ²²»»áÁ¬½ÓµÄ»°£¬Ôò¿ÉÒÔ×ÔÓÉÑ¡ÔñÈκκϷ¨µÄÍøÂçµØÖ·¡£Ö»ÊÇҪȷ±£ÄúÄÚ²¿ÍøÂçÐÅÏ¢°ü²»»áÅܵ½Êµ¼ÊµÄÒòÌØÍøÖм´¿É¡£ÒªÈ·±£¼´±ãÐÅÏ¢°üȷʵÅܳöÒ²²»»áÓÐÈκÎΣº¦£¬Ó¦¸ÃʹÓÃΪרÓöø±£ÁôµÄÄÇЩÍøÂçµØÖ·µÄij¸öºÅÂë¡£ÒòÌØÍø¸³ºÅ¹ÜÀí¾Ö£¨Internet Assigned Numbers Authorit£¬IANA) ÒѾÔÚ A¡¢B ºÍ C ÀàµØÖ·Öб£ÁôÁËһЩÍøÂçºÅ£¬ÄúÎÞÐè×¢²á¾Í¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÕâЩµØÖ·¡£ÕâЩµØÖ·Ö»ÓÐÔÚרÓÃÍøÂçÖвÅÓÐЧ£¬¶øÇÒ£¨ÀíÂÛÉÏ£©²»»á·Óɵ½Êµ¼ÊµÄÒòÌØÍøÕ¾µãÖС£
A 10.0.0.0
B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0
C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0
Çë×¢ÒâµÚ¶þ¿éºÍµÚÈý¿é·Ö±ð°üº¬ 16 ¸öºÍ 256 ¸öÍøÂç¡£
´ÓÕâЩÍøÂçºÅÂëÖÐÑ¡ÔñÒ»¸öµØÖ·¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩÍêȫûÓÐÁ¬½Óµ½ÒòÌØÍøµÄÍøÂçÊÇÊ®·ÖÓÐÓõġ£Í¨¹ý½«µ¥¸öÖ÷»úÓÃ×öÍø¹Ø£¬ÈÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔʵÏÖ·ÃÎÊÁíÒ»¸öÍøÂ磨ÈçÒòÌØÍø£©¡£¶ÔÓÚ±¾µØÍøÂç¶øÑÔ£¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÄÚ²¿×¨Óà IP µØÖ·À´·ÃÎʸÃÍø¹Ø£¬¶øÍⲿÊÀ½çÔòͨ¹ýÕýʽע²áµÄµØÖ·£¨ÓÉ´ø¿í¹©Ó¦ÉÌ·ÖÅ䣩֪µÀ¸ÃÍø¹Ø¡£
×ÓÍøºÍ×ÓÍøÑÚÂë
»®·Ö×ÓÍøÊǽ«´óÐ͵ġ¢Êµ¼ÊµÄÍøÂç·Ö³É½ÏСµÄÂß¼ÍøÂçµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£»®·ÖÍøÂçµÄÔÒòÓÐÒÔϼ¸µã£ºÁªÍø¼¼ÊõµÄµçÆø£¨ÎïÀí²ã£©ÏÞÖÆ£»Îª¼ò±ãÆð¼û£¬Ï£ÍûÔÚ½¨ÖþÎïµÄÿһ²ã£¨»òÿ¸ö²¿ÃÅ»òÕë¶Ôÿ¸öÓ¦Óã©·ÅÖÃÒ»¸ö¶ÀÁ¢µÄÍøÂç¶ø»®·ÖÍøÂ磻¼õÉÙÍøÂç¶Î¸ºÔØ£»»òÐèÒªÓøßËÙÏß·Á¬½ÓÔ¶³ÌλÖá£
»®·ÖÍø¶ÎµÄ½á¹ûÊÇʹÕû¸öÍøÂç±ä³ÉÓÉһЩСÐÍ×ÓÍø¿é×é³ÉµÄÍøÂ磬´Ó¶øÒ×ÓÚ¹ÜÀí¡£ÕâЩ½ÏСµÄ×ÓÍøÖ®¼äµÄͨÐÅͨ¹ýÍø¹ØºÍ·ÓÉÆ÷½øÐС£Í¬Ñù£¬Ò»¸ö×éÖ¯¿ÉÒÔÓм¸¸öÎïÀíÉÏÔÚͬһ¸öÍøÂçÖеÄ×ÓÍø£¬ÒԱ㽫ÍøÂ繦ÄÜÂß¼µØ·Ö³É¶à¸ö¹¤×÷×é¡£
µ¥¶ÀµÄ×ÓÍøÊÇÕû¸öÍøÂçµÄ·ÖÖ§¡£¼Ùʹ½«Ò»¸ö B ÀàÍøÂç·Ö³É 64 ¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄ×ÓÍø¡£ÒªÍê³ÉÕâÖÖ×ÓÍø»®·Ö£¬ÐèÒª½« IP µØÖ·ÊÓΪÁ½²¿·Ö£ºÍøÂçºÍÖ÷»ú¡£ÍøÂ粿·ÖÓÉËù·ÖÅäµÄ IP µØÖ·ºÍ×ÓÍøÐÅϢλ×é³É¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÕâЩλÊǽèÓÃÖ÷»úµÄµØÖ·²¿·Ö¡£·ÖÅä¸ø B ÀàÍøÂçÀ´±íʾÍøÂ粿·ÖµÄλÊýÊÇ 16£¬ÔÙ¼ÓÉÏ×ÓÍø²¿·ÖµÄ 6 룬¹²ÓÐ 22 λÀ´Çø·Ö×ÓÍø¡£ÕâÖÖ»®·ÖµÄ½á¹ûÊÇÓÐ 64 ¸öÍøÂ磬ÿ¸öÍøÂç 1024 ¸ö½Úµã¡£IP µØÖ·ÖеÄÍøÂ粿·Ö¿É´ó¿ÉС£¬ÕâÈ¡¾öÓÚËùÏ£ÍûµÄÍøÂçÊýÄ¿»òÿ¸öÍøÂçµÄ½ÚµãÊý¡£
×ÓÍø£¬µÚ¶þ²¿·Ö
ÉèÖÃ×ÓÍøÑÚÂëʵ¼ÊÉϾÍÊÇÈ·¶¨ÍøÂçµØÖ·Ôں䦽áÊøÒÔ¼°Ö÷»úµØÖ·Ôںδ¦¿ªÊ¼¡£×ÓÍøÑÚÂëÊÇÓÉȫΪ 1 µÄÍøÂ粿·ÖºÍȫΪÁãµÄÖ÷»ú²¿ÐÅÏ¢°ü³É¡£
¼Ùʹһ¸ö C ÀàÍøÓÉÏÂÁв¿ÐÅÏ¢°ü³É£º
N = ÍøÂç
H = Ö÷»ú
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH
ÿһλÖñíʾ 32 λµØÖ·¿Õ¼äÖеÄһλ¡£Èç¹û½«Õâ¸ö C ÀàÍø·Ö³ÉËĸö C ÀàÍøÂ磬Æä±íʾÐÎʽÈçÏ£º
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNHHHHHH
×ÓÍøÑÚÂëÈçÏ£º
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Èç¹ûÓÃÊ®½øÖÆÊýºÍµã·ûºÅ±íʾ£¨¼´µã·ÖËÄ×飨dotted quad£©£©Õâ¸öµØÖ·£¬Ôò×ÓÍøÑÚÂëÊÇ 255.255.255.192¡£¸ÃÑÚÂëÓÃÓÚÕâ¸öÌض¨ÍøÂçÖÐËùÓÐ×ÓÍøÉϵĽڵãÖ®¼äµÄͨÐÅ¡£
×ÓÍø£¬Ê¾Àý
Ïà·´£¬Èç¹û´Ó IP µØÖ·µÄÖ÷»ú²¿·ÖÈ¡³öÈý룬Ôò¿ÉÒÔÐγɰ˸öÍøÂ磬ÆäÍøÂçÑÚÂëÈçÏ£º
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
¸Ã×ÓÍøÑÚÂëÊÇ 255.255.255.224¡£Õâ°Ë¸öÍøÂçÖеÄÿһ¸ö¿ÉÓÐ 30 ¸ö½Úµã£¬ÒòΪÓÐ 5 ¸öµØַλ¿ÉÒÔʹÓᣣ¨±¾Ó¦¸ÃÊÇ 32 ¸ö£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚȫΪ 1 ºÍȫΪ 0 ÊDz»ºÏ·¨µÄÖ÷»úµØÖ·£¬ËùÒÔ²»ÄÜʹÓã©¡£
ÍøÂç Ö÷»úµØÖ··¶Î§ ¹ã²¥
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.30 192.168.1.30
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.63 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.96 to 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160 192.168.1.160 to 192.168.1.191 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254
Ìáʾ£ºÈç¹ûÐèҪһЩ¼ÆËã×ÓÍø·½ÃæµÄ°ïÖú£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚ www.cotse.com/networkcalculator.html ÉϲéÕÒÔÚÏß×ÓÍø¼ÆËãÆ÷¡£
¿çÍøÂçͨÐÅ£ºÍø¹ØºÍ·ÓÉ
ÓÉÓÚ IP Ñ°Ö·¾ßÓÐÕâÖֽṹ£¬ËùÒÔÖ÷»úÖ»ÄÜÓëͬһÍøÂçÉϵÄÆäËüÖ÷»úͨÐÅ¡£Îª¿Ë·þÕâÖÖÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃǸøÍøÂçÌí¼ÓÁË·ÓɺÍÍø¹Ø¡£Â·ÓÉÊÇÈ·¶¨ÐÅÏ¢°ü´ÓÔ´µ½Ä¿µÄµØËù²ÉÓõÄ·¾¶µÄ»úÖÆ¡£Í¨¹ýÔÚ·ÓɱíÖвéÕÒÄ¿µÄµØµÄ IP µØÖ·À´½¨Á¢Â·¾¶»ò·ÓÉ¡£Èç¹ûÕÒµ½¸ÃµØÖ·£¬Ôò½«ÐÅÏ¢°ü·¢Ë͵½ÄǸöÍøÂ磻ÈçûÓÐÕÒµ½£¬Ôò½«ÐÅÏ¢°üת·¢µ½³ÆΪȱʡ·ÓɵÄÏÕâ¾ÍÊÇËùÓС°Î´Öª¡±µØÖ·µÄÐÅÏ¢°üת·¢µ½µÄ»úÆ÷»òÉ豸µÄ IP µØÖ·¡£
Ö´ÐзÓɺͣ¯»òת·¢¹¦ÄܵĻúÆ÷»òÉ豸³Æ×öÍø¹Ø»ò·ÓÉÆ÷¡£ÓÐʱÕâÁ½¸öÊõÓïÒ²¿ÉÒÔ»¥»»Ê¹ÓᣴӼ¼Êõ½Ç¶È½²£¬Íø¹ØÃèÊöÕâÑùµÄϵͳ»òÉ豸£¬ËüÔÚ²»Í¬ÀàÐÍÍøÂçÖ®¼ä·¢ËÍÏûÏ¢£»¶ø·ÓÉÆ÷ÔÚÏàͬÀàÐÍÍøÂçÖ®¼ä·¢ËÍÏûÏ¢¡£ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÖ»ÌÖÂÛʹÓà TCP/IP ÐÒéµÄÁªÍø£¬ËùÒÔ²»¿¼ÂÇÕâµãϸ΢²î±ð£¬µ«ÊÇÒªÒâʶµ½¶þÕßÖ®¼äÊÇÓÐÇø±ðµÄ¡£
»¹ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬Í¨¹ý¶¨Ò壬ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀÍø¹Ø×°ÅäÁ˲»Ö¹Ò»¸öÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú£¨¼´ A ºÍ B£©£¬Ã¿Ò»¸öÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú¶¼ÅäÖÃÁ˲»Í¬µÄ IP »ò IP£¯×ÓÍø¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇ¡°ÍøÂçÇŽӡ±µÃÒÔʵÏÖµÄÔÒò¡£ÐÅÏ¢°üµ½´ï½Ó¿Ú A£¬È»ºó¸ù¾Ý³äµ±Íø¹ØµÄÕą̂É豸ÉÏ·ÓɱíÖеĸ÷ÏִÐÐÏÂÁÐËĸö²Ù×÷Ö®Ò»¡£¿ÉÒÔ½«ÐÅÏ¢°ü£º
? ·¢Ë͵½ÍøÂç A ÉϵÄÖ÷»ú
? ´«µÝµ½ÍøÂç A Éϵġ°ÉÏÓΡ±È±Ê¡Â·ÓÉÉ豸
? ·¢Ë͵½ÍøÂç B ÉϵÄÖ÷»ú
? ´«µÝµ½ÍøÂç B Éϵġ°ÉÏÓΡ±È±Ê¡Â·ÓÉÉ豸
·ÓÉÅäÖÃ
ÓÐËÄÖÖ³£¼ûµÄ·ÓÉÅäÖãº
? ×îС -- ÍêÈ«ÓëÆäËüËùÓÐÍøÂç¸ôÀ뿪µÄÍøÂç½öÐèÒª×îСµÄ·ÓÉ¡£Í¨³£ÔÚ³õʼ»¯ÍøÂç½Ó¿Úʱ£¬½¨Á¢×îСµÄ·ÓÉ±í¡£Èç¹û²»ÐèÒªÓëÆäËüµÄ TCP/IP ÍøÂçͨÐÅ£¬¶øÇÒ²»Óû®·Ö×ÓÍø£¬ÔòÕâ¾ÍÊÇϵͳËùÐèµÄËùÓзÓÉÐÅÏ¢¡£
? ¾²Ì¬ -- ÍøÂçÓÐÒ»¸ö»òÁ½¸öÍø¹Øʱ£¬Í¨³£Ê¹Óþ²Ì¬Â·ÓÉÀ´ÅäÖÃÍøÂç¡£¾²Ì¬Â·ÓɱíÓÉÍøÂçÅäÖýű¾£¨Ê¹ÓÃÓû§ÌṩµÄ IP£©×Ô¶¯µØ´´½¨»òÕßÓÉϵͳ¹ÜÀíÔ±ÊÖ¹¤´´½¨£¨Ê¹ÓõÚÎå½ÚÖÐÌÖÂÛµÄ /sbin/route ÃüÁ¡£¸Ã±íÕýÈçÆäÃû³ÆËùÖ¸µÄÄÇÑù -- ÊǾ²Ì¬µÄ¡£Ëü²»ËæÍøÂçµÄ±ä»¯¶ø×öµ÷Õû¡£µ±ÍøÂç±ä»¯Ê±£¬±ØÐëÊÖ¹¤ÖØÐÂÅäÖø÷ÓÉ±í¡£
? ¶¯Ì¬ -- ´óÐÍÍøÂçͨ³£¶¼°²×°Á˶à¸ö·ÓÉÆ÷ºÍ£¯»òÍø¹Ø£¬³öÓÚÈßÓ࣯¹ÊÕϻָ´µÄÄ¿µÄ£¬ËüÃÇ¿ÉÄÜÖ¸ÏòͬһԶ³ÌÍøÂç¡£Õâ¾ÍÊǶ¯Ì¬Â·ÓɵÄÓÃÎäÖ®µØ¡£¶¯Ì¬Â·ÓÉÔÊÐíʹÓÃÒ»ÖÖÐÒé -- Êǵģ¬Äú²Â¶ÔÁË -- ³Æ×÷·ÓÉÐÒ飬¸ù¾Ý·ÓÉÉ豸֮¼äËù½»»»µÄÐÅÏ¢¶¯Ì¬µØ¹¹Ô죨²¢²»¶ÏµØ¸üУ©Â·ÓÉ±í¡£ÕâÖÖ³ÖÐø²»¶ÏµÄÐÅÏ¢½»»»ÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ»úÖÆ£¬ÀûÓÃÕâÖÖ»úÖÆ¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¶¯µ÷½Ú·ÓÉÀ´ÊÊÓ¦²»¶Ï±ä»¯µÄÍøÂçÌõ¼þ -- Æ©È磬ͨÐÅÁ¿¹ý´ó»òÔËÐÐÖжϡ£¶¯Ì¬Â·ÓɵÄ×î´óȱµãÊÇÉ豸¼äµÄ·ÓÉÐÅÏ¢½»»»»áÏûºÄÏ൱´óµÄ´ø¿í¡£
? µÚËĸöÑ¡ÏîÊÇʹÓþ²Ì¬ºÍ¶¯Ì¬Â·ÓɵÄ×éºÏ¡£Ã¿¸ö×ÓÍøÉϵĻúÆ÷¶¼Ê¹Óþ²Ì¬Â·ÓÉÒÔµ½´ï½ôÁÚËüÃǵĻúÆ÷¡£È±Ê¡Â·ÓÉ -- ÄÇЩûÓÐÓÉ·Óɱí·ÖÅäÌض¨Â·ÓɵÄÐÅÏ¢°üËùʹÓõÄ·ÓÉ -- ±»ÉèÖÃͨÏòһ̨Íø¹Ø»úÆ÷£¬¸Ã»úÆ÷±»ÅäÖóɿÉÒÔÌṩ¶¯Ì¬Â·ÓÉ£¬Òò´ËÒ²¾ÍÁ˽âÆä×ÓÍøÒÔÍâµÄÍøÂç¡£
¶¯Ì¬Â·ÓÉÊÇ»ùÓÚÕ⼸¸ö·ÓÉÐÒ飨ÄÚ²¿ÐÒ飬Èç RIP¡¢Hello ºÍ OSPF µÈµÈ£»ÍⲿÐÒ飬Èç EGP ºÍ BGP£©Ö®Ò»£¬Í¨¹ýÍø¹Ø·ÓÉÊØ»¤³ÌÐò gated À´ÆôÓö¯Ì¬Â·ÓÉ¡£¶¯Ì¬Â·Óɲ»ÊDZ¾½Ì³ÌËùÌÖÂ۵ķ¶Î§¡£ÏëÒªÁ˽âÓйØÕâ·½ÃæµÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢£¬Çë²ÎÔı¾½Ì³Ì½áÊø²¿·ÖµÄ¡°½áÊøÓ²Î¿¼×ÊÁϺͷ´À¡Òâ¼û¡±ÖÐËùÁгöµÄ Craig Hunt µÄ TCP/IP Network Administration Ò»Êé¡£
¼ÌÐø¡¡
ÏÖÔڸý«ÏÈÇ°ËùÓеÄÀíÂÛ֪ʶ¸¶ÖîÓÚʵ¼ùÁË¡£ÔÚ½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄÕ½ÚÖУ¬ÎÒÃǽ«Ì½ÌÖ£º
? Red Hat 7.0 ÖиºÔðÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÄÅäÖÃÎļþ
? ʹÓà ifconfig ¼ì²éºÍÅäÖýӿÚ
? Ìí¼ÓºÍ±à¼¾²Ì¬Â·ÓÉ
? ʹÓà netstat ¶ÔÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú½øÐмàÊÓ£¯Åųý¹ÊÕÏ
¹Ø¼üÎļþºÍ½Å±¾
ÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú³õʼ»¯µÄʵ¼Ê¹ý³Ì£¨ÓÐʱҲ³Æ×ö¡°Æô¶¯½Ó¿Ú¡±£©ÊÇÓÉÒ»×éÅäÖÃÎļþºÍ½Å±¾¿ØÖƵģ¬ÕâЩÎļþºÍ½Å±¾´ó¶àÊýÔÚ/etc Ŀ¼Ï¡£ÕâЩÅäÖÃÎļþ¸æËß Linux ËüµÄ IP µØÖ·¡¢Ö÷»úÃûºÍÓòÃû£»½Å±¾Ôò¸ºÔðÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÄ³õʼ»¯¡£
Òź¶µÄÊÇ£¬²»Í¬·Ö·¢°æ£¨distribution£©ÖÐÎļþλÖúÍÃüÃûÔ¼¶¨ÖÁ½ñ»¹Ã»ÓÐͳһµÄ±ê×¼¡£Îª¸ø±¾ÎÄÌṩ¾ßÌåµÄʾÀý£¬½«»ùÓڹ㷺ʹÓÃµÄ Red Hat 7.0 °ü×ö³öÃèÊö¡£Çë¼Çס£¬ÈôÄúµÄ·Ö·¢°æ²»ÊÇʹÓà Red Hat »ò²»ÊÇ»ùÓÚ Red Hat Ô¼¶¨£¨Èç Mandrake ·Ö·¢°æ£©£¬ÔÚ´ËËùÒýÓõÄһЩÎļþ»áλÓÚ±ðµÄĿ¼ÖлòÓÐÆäËüµÄÃû³Æ¡£È»¶ø£¬ÍøÂçЧ¹ûºÍʵ¼ÊЧ¹ûÊÇÒ»ÑùµÄ -- ½«´æ´¢ÔÚһϵÁÐÅäÖÃÎļþÖеÄÍøÂçÐÅÏ¢´«µÝ¸ø½Å±¾£¬È»ºóÓýű¾³õʼ»¯½Ó¿ÚºÍÍøÂç·ÓÉ¡£
Éæ¼°³õʼ»¯ºÍÅäÖÃÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÄ¹Ø¼üÎļþÓУº
? /etc/hosts £¨½«Ö÷»úÃûÓ³Éäµ½ IP µØÖ·£©
? /etc/networks £¨½«ÓòÃûÓ³Éäµ½ÍøÂçµØÖ·£©
? /etc/sysconfig/network £¨´ò¿ª»ò¹Ø±ÕÁªÍø£¬ÉèÖÃÖ÷»úÃûºÍÍø¹Ø£©
? /etc/resolv.conf £¨ÉèÖÃÃû³Æ·þÎñÆ÷»ò DNS ·þÎñÆ÷µÄ IP µØÖ·£©
? /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S10network £¨ÔÚÒýµ¼Ê±¼¤»îÒÑÅäÖõÄÒÔÌ«Íø½Ó¿Ú£¬ÓÉÔËÐ춱ðĿ¼ /etc/rc.d/rcN.d/ ÖеķûºÅÁ´½Óµ÷Óã©
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ÖÐһЩÎļþµÄ¼¯ºÏ¡£ÕâЩÎļþ°üÀ¨ÓÃÓÚÍøÂçÁ¬½ÓµÄÖ÷ÒªÅäÖã¬ÒÔ¼°Ìṩ½Ó¿Ú״̬ºÍ¿ØÖƹ¦ÄܵķûºÅÁ´½Ó¡£
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts Êǽ« IP µØÖ·ºÍÖ÷»úÃûÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄ¼òµ¥Îı¾Îļþ¡£ TCP/IP ÍøÂçÖеÄÿ̨¼ÆËã»ú¶¼±ØÐëÓÐΨһµÄ IP µØÖ·¡£hosts ÎļþÖ»ÔÊÐíÓû§½«Ö÷»úÃûÓë IP µØÖ·ÁªÏµÆðÀ´£¬ÒԱ㵱·ÃÎʼÆËã»úʱʹÓøÃÃû³Æ£¬¶ø²»ÓÃÊäÈëÒ»³¤´®Êý×Ö¡£/etc/hosts ÖеÄÿһÏÒÀ´Î°üº¬Ò»¸ö IP µØÖ·¡¢¿Õ°×ºÍÖ÷»úÃûºÍ£¯»ò±ðÃû¡£¾®ºÅ£¨#£©±íʾעÊÍ¿ªÊ¼¡£ÀýÈ磺
# /etc/hosts
# last updated 12/3/2000
127.0.0.1 loopback localhost # loopback (lo0) name/address
192.168.1.5 janus.syroidmanor.com janus
192.168.1.6 thumper.syroidmanor.com thumper
192.168.1.7 donovan.syroidmanor.com donovan
192.168.1.8 raidserver
192.168.1.20 phoenix.syroidmanor.com phoenix
192.168.1.15 hydras.syroidmanor.com hydras
ÔÚÉÏÃæÏÔʾµÄ Hosts ÎļþÖУ¬IP µØÖ· 192.168.1.5 Ó³Éäµ½Ö÷»ú janus.syroidmanor.com £¬²¢ÇÒ·ÖÅä¸øËüÒ»¸ö±¸ÓÃÖ÷»úÃû£¨»ò±ðÃû£©janus¡£¾¡¹Ü DNS ÒѾȡ´úÁËÕâ¸öÖ÷»úÎļþ£¬µ«³öÓÚÒÔÏÂÔÒòÈÔȻʹÓÃËü£º
? ´ó¶àÊýϵͳ¶¼ÓÐÒ»¸ö°üº¬±¾µØÍøÂçÉϵĹؼüÖ÷»úµÄÃû³ÆºÍµØÖ·ÐÅÏ¢µÄСÖ÷»ú±í¡£µ± DNS δÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ×î³õϵͳÆô¶¯Æڼ䣬ÔòʹÓÃ¸Ã±í¡£¼´±ã±¾µØ DNS ·þÎñÆ÷ÕýÔÚÔËÐУ¬ÔÚÿ¸öϵͳÉÏÒ²Ó¦¸ÃÓÐÒ»¸öС hosts Îļþ£¬¸ÃÎļþ°üº¬Ò»¸öÖ÷»ú±¾ÉíÏî¡¢Ò»¸ö localhost ÏîÒÔ¼°¾ÖÓòÍøÉÏÈκÎÖ÷ÒªµÄÍø¹ØºÍ·þÎñÆ÷Ïî¡£
? δÁ¬½Óµ½ÒòÌØÍø»òÆäËûÍøÂçµÄСÍøÂç²»ÐèÒª DNS ·þÎñ¡£È»¶ø£¬ÕâЩÍøÂçÉϵÄÖ÷»úÒ²ÐèÒªÖªµÀÈçºÎ¶¨Î»Í¬Ò»ÍøÂçÉϵÄÆäËüÖ÷»ú¡£
/etc/networks
¾ÍÈçÖ÷»úÓÐÃû³ÆºÍµØÖ·Ò»Ñù£¬Îª·½±ãÆð¼û£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔΪÍøÂçºÍ×ÓÍøÃüÃû¡£ /etc/networks ÎļþÔÚ²¼¾ÖÉÏÓë /etc/hosts ºÜÏàËÆ£¬Ö»²»¹ýÃû³ÆºÍµØÖ·»¥»»ÁËһϡ£
# /etc/networks for syroidmanor.com
localnet 127.0.0.0 #loopback
syroid-C1 192.168.1 #development, class C
syroid-C2 192.168.2 #support, class C
ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄʾÀýÖУ¬¿É½«ÍøÂçÃû³Æ syroid-C1 ÓÃÓڽű¾»òÈκÎÃüÁîÐÐʵÓóÌÐòÖÐÀ´ÒýÓà 192.168.1 Õâ¸ö C ÀàÍø¡£
/etc/sysconfig/network
½« /etc/sysconfig/network£¨×¢ÒâÓë /etc/networks Îļþ²»Í¬£¬Õâ¸ö network Êǵ¥Êý¶ø²»ÊǸ´Êý£©ÓÃÓÚÖ¸¶¨ËùÆÚÍûµÄÍøÂçÅäÖÃÐÅÏ¢£»ÔÚÒýµ¼Ê±£¬Óм¸¸ö½Å±¾ÒªÊ¹ÓÃËü¡£¸ÃÎļþ¿ÉÒÔ°üº¬ÏÂÁÐËùʾµÄÒ»¸ö»ò¶à¸ö¹Ø¼ü×Ö£¯Öµ¶Ô£º
NETWORKING=YES|NO -- YES ±íʾÐèÒªÅäÖÃÍøÂ磻NO ±íʾ²»ÐèÒªÅäÖÃÍøÂç¡£
HOSTNAME=hostname -- Ö÷»úµÄÈ«ÏÞ¶¨ÓòÃû£»ÎªÓë½ÏÀϵijÌÐò¼æÈÝ£¬ÕâÓ¦¸ÃÓëÔÚ /etc/hosts ÖеÄÖ÷»úÏîÏàÆ¥Åä¡£
GATEWAY=gw-ip -- ÍøÂçÍø¹ØµÄ IP µØÖ·¡£
GATEWAYDEV=gw-dev -- Íø¹ØÉ豸µÄÃû³Æ£¨ÀýÈç eth0£©¡£
NISDOMAIN=dom-name -- ±íʾ NIS Óò£¬Èç¹ûÓеĻ°¡£
ÏÂÃæÊÇ /etc/sysconfig/network ×îСÅäÖõÄʾÀý£º
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=phoenix.syroidmanor.com
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
/etc/resolv.conf ºÍ /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S10network
/etc/resolv.conf ÊÇÍøÂçÓÃÀ´È·¶¨Ö÷»ú½âÎöµÄ¹Ø¼üÎļþÖ®Ò»¡£ÔÚ´Ë¿ÉÒÔ±êʶ×î¶àÈý¸öÃû³Æ·þÎñÆ÷£»Èç¹ûÁÐÔÚµÚһλµÄ·þÎñÆ÷δ¶Ô²éѯ×ö³öÏìÓ¦£¬ÔòºóÃæÁ½¸öÆðµ½±¸ÓõÄ×÷Óá£domain ÏÒåȱʡÓòÃû¡£½âÎöÆ÷£¨Ë³±ãÌáһϣ¬¸Ã½âÎöÆ÷²»ÊÇÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄ½ø³Ì£¬¶øÊÇÓÉÍøÂç½ø³Ìµ÷ÓõÄÀý³Ì¿â£©½«ÕâÀïËùÁгöµÄÓòÃû¸½¼ÓÔÚÈκβ»°üº¬¾äµãµÄÖ÷»ú²éѯÉÏ¡£
# /etc/resolv.conf
# domain name resolver config file
domain syroidmanor.com
nameserver 192.168.1.7
nameserver 192.168.1.10
nameserver 165.142.268.19
ÔÚÉÏÃæËùÏÔʾµÄʾÀýÖУ¬Èç¹ûÌá½»¸ø½âÎöÆ÷µÄ²éѯÊÇÏëÒª²éѯÕÒÖ÷»ú phoenix£¨×¢Ò⣬ûÓе㣩£¬Ôò½«¸ÃÓò¸½¼Óµ½Õâ¸öÇëÇóÖ®ºó£¬Õâ»á½«¸Ã²éѯÀ©Õ¹Îª phoenix.syroidmanor.com¡£ÈôÐèÒªÁ˽â¸ü¶àÏêϸÐÅÏ¢ºÍ¿ÉÒÔʹÓõÄÑ¡ÏÇëÊäÈë man resolv.conf ¡£
/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S10network ÊÇÖ¸Ïò /etc/rc.d/init.d/network ½Å±¾µÄ·ûºÅÁ´½Ó¡£µ±ÏµÍ³´ïµ½ÔËÐ춱ð 3 ʱ£¬Ëü¸ºÔð³õʼ»¯ËùÓÐÒÑÅäÖõÄÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú¡£ÔÚÕâÀïÎÒÃDz»Ï뻨ʱ¼äÀ´ÏêϸÌÖÂÛ¸ÃÎļþºóÃæµÄÂß¼£¬ÒòΪ¸ÃÎļþÖ÷ÒªÊǵ÷Óñ¾½ÚÖÐËùÌáµ½µÄÆäËü½Å±¾ºÍ³ÌÐò¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÄú¶Ô S10network Öгõʼ»¯¸÷ÖÖÍøÂç×é¼þºÍ·þÎñµÄ˳Ðò¸ÐÐËȤµÄ»°£¬Ôò¿ÉÒÔʹÓà less /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/S10network ÃüÁîÀ´×ÐϸÑжÁËü¡£
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ Ŀ¼
×îºó£¬Í¨³£¿ÉÔÚ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ Ŀ¼ÖвéÕÒµ½ÏÂÁÐÎļþ£º
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface-name
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface-name:clone-name
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/chat-interface-name
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/dip-interface-name
? /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post
ÔÚËæºóµÄ¼¸Ò³ÖУ¬ÎÒÃǽ«¼òÒªµØ¿´Ò»ÏÂÕâЩ¹Ø¼üÎļþ£¬Á˽âËüÃÇ×öʲôºÍ°üº¬Ê²Ã´¡£
¡¡/network-scripts/£¬µÚÒ»²¿·Ö
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts ÖÐµÄ ifup ºÍ ifdown Ïîʵ¼ÊÊÇ·Ö±ðÖ¸Ïò /sbin/ifup ºÍ /sbin/ifdown µÄ·ûºÅÁ´½Ó¡£ÕâÁ½¸ö½Å±¾ÊÇÔÚ¸ÃĿ¼ÏÂΨһӦ¸ÃÖ±½Óµ÷ÓõĽű¾£¬²¢ÇÒËüÃÇ°´ÐèÒªµ÷ÓÃËùÓÐÆäËü½Å±¾¡£
ifup ºÍ ifdown ͨ³£Ö»´øÒ»¸ö²ÎÊý£ºÉ豸Ãû£¨ÀýÈç eth0£©¡£ÏµÍ³ÔÚÒýµ¼¹ý³ÌÆÚ¼äÓòÎÊý¡°boot¡±µ÷ÓÃËüÃÇ£¬ÒÔ±ãÓÚ²»¼¤»îûÓб»ÅäÖóÉÔÚϵͳÆô¶¯Ê±³õʼ»¯µÄÉ豸£¨Çë²ÎÔÄÏÂÃæ¹ØÓÚ interface-name ÃèÊöÖÐµÄ ONBOOT=no£©¡£
network-function ²»Êǹ«¹²Îļþ¡£Ëü°üº¬Õâ¸öĿ¼Öеļ¸¸ö½Å±¾ËùÐèµÄº¯Êý¡£¾ßÌåµØ˵£¬Ëü°üº¬ÁËÓÃÓÚ´¦ÀíÌæ´ú½Ó¿ÚÅäÖõĴó¶àÊý´úÂë¡£
¡¡/network-scripts/£¬µÚ¶þ²¿·Ö
ÅäÖÃÎļþ ifcfg-interface-name ºÍ ifcfg-interface-name:clone-name °üº¬Á˳õʼ»¯½Ó¿ÚËùÐèµÄ´ó²¿·ÖÏêϸÐÅÏ¢¡£µÚÒ»¸öÎļþ¶¨Òå½Ó¿Ú£¬¶øµÚ¶þ¸öÎļþ½ö°üº¬Óë¡°±ðÃû¡±£¨»òÌæ´ú£©½Ó¿ÚÏà¹ØµÄ²¿·Ö¶¨Òå¡£ÀýÈ磬ÍøÂçµØÖ·»òÐí²»Í¬£¬µ«ÆäËü¿ÉÄÜ»áÒ»Ñù¡£
ÔÚ ifcfg ÎļþÖж¨ÒåµÄ¸÷ÏîÄ¿È¡¾öÓÚ½Ó¿ÚÀàÐÍ£»ÏÂÁÐÖµºÜ³£¼û£º
? DEVICE=name £¬ÆäÖÐ name ÊÇÎïÀíÉ豸Ãû
? IPADDR=addr £¬ÆäÖÐ addr ÊÇ IP µØÖ·
? NETMASK=mask £¬ÆäÖÐ mask ÊÇÍøÂçÑÚÂëÖµ
? NETWORK=addr £¬ÆäÖÐ addr ÊÇÍøÂçµØÖ·
? BROADCAST=addr £¬ÆäÖÐ addr Êǹ㲥µØÖ·
? GATEWAY=addr £¬ÆäÖÐ addr ÊÇÍø¹ØµØÖ·
? ONBOOT=answer £¬ÆäÖÐ answer ÊÇ¡°yes¡±£¨Òýµ¼Ê±¼¤»îÉ豸£©»ò¡°no¡±
? USERCTL=answer £¬ÆäÖÐ answer ÊÇ¡°yes¡±£¨·Ç root Óû§¿ÉÒÔ¿ØÖƸÃÉ豸£©»ò¡°no¡±
? BOOTPROTO=proto £¬ÆäÖÐ proto È¡ÏÂÁÐÖµÖ®Ò»£º¡°none¡±£¨Òýµ¼Ê±²»Ê¹ÓÃÐÒ飩¡°bootp¡±£¨Ê¹Óà BOOTP ÐÒ飩»ò¡°dhcp¡±£¨Ê¹Óà DHCP ÐÒ飩
´ËÍ⣬ÏÂÁÐÖµ¶ÔËùÓÐµÄ SLIP£¨´®ÐÐÏß IP£©ÎļþÊǹ«¹²µÄ£º
? PERSIST=answer £¬ÆäÖÐ answer ÊÇ¡°yes¡±£¨¼´Ê¹µ÷Öƽâµ÷Æ÷ÒѾ¹Ò¶ÏÁ¬½Ó£¬Ò²±£³ÖÉ豸´¦ÓÚ¼¤»î״̬£©»ò¡°no¡±£¨²»±£³Ö¼¤»î״̬£©
? MODEMPORT=port £¬ÆäÖÐ port Êǵ÷Öƽâµ÷Æ÷¶Ë¿ÚµÄÉ豸Ãû£¨ÀýÈ磬/dev/modem£©
? LINESPEED=baud £¬ÆäÖÐ baud Êǵ÷Öƽâµ÷Æ÷µÄÏß·ËÙ¶È
? DEFABORT=answer £¬ÆäÖÐ answer ÊÇ¡°yes¡±£¨µ±´´½¨£¯±à¼¸Ã½Ó¿ÚµÄ½Å±¾Ê±£¬²åÈëȱʡµÄÒì³£ÖÕÖ¹×Ö·û´®£©»ò¡°no¡±£¨²»²åÈëȱʡµÄÒì³£ÖÕÖ¹×Ö·û´®£©
¡/network-scripts/£¬µÚÈý²¿·Ö
chat-interface-name ÎļþÊÇÓÃÓÚ SLIP Á¬½ÓµÄ½»Ì¸½Å±¾£¨chat script£©¡£ËüµÄ¹¦ÄÜÊÇÆô¶¯ SLIP Á¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÓÚ SLIP É豸£¬DIP ½Å±¾ÊǸù¾ÝÕâ¸ö½»Ì¸½Å±¾±àдµÄ¡£
chat-interface-name ÊÇֻд½Å±¾£¬ËüÓɳÌÐò netcfg ¸ù¾Ý½»Ì¸½Å±¾´´½¨µÄ¡£²»ÒªÐ޸ĸÃÎļþ¡£
µ±³õʼ»¯ÈκÎÍøÂçÉ豸£¨³ýÁË SLIP É豸£©Ê±£¬µ÷Óà /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post¡£Ëüµ÷Óà /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes ÒÔÆô¶¯ÒÀÀµÓÚ¸ÃÉ豸µÄ¾²Ì¬Â·ÓÉ£¬Ëü»¹Æô¶¯Îª¸ÃÉ豸ÅäÖõÄÈκαðÃû£¬²¢ÇÒ£¬Èç¹û»¹Ã»ÓÐÉèÖÃÖ÷»úÃû£¬ÔòÉèÖÃÖ÷»úÃû -- ÕâÑùÕÒµ½Óë¸ÃÉ豸 IP µØÖ·Æ¥ÅäµÄÖ÷»úÃû¡£×îºó£¬ifup-post ¸øÇëÇó֪ͨÍøÂçʼþµÄÈκγÌÐò·¢ËÍÐźţ¨SIGIO£©¡£
ifconfig ³ÌÐò
ifconfig ÃüÁîÉèÖᢼì²é»ò¼à¿ØÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÄÅäÖÃÖµ¡£Ëü»¹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚÉèÖýӿڵġ°×´Ì¬¡±-- ¼´¡°up¡±£¨Æô¶¯£©»ò¡°down¡±£¨¹Ø±Õ£©¡£Ò»¸ö¶Ô ifconfig ¼òµ¥µÄµ÷ÓÃÊÇ£º
ifconfig interface-name ip-address up|down
Õâ»á¼¤»îÖ¸¶¨µÄ½Ó¿Ú²¢½«ËùÌṩµÄ IP µØÖ··ÖÅä¸øËü¡£
ifconfig ÓÐÐí¶à¸ö¿ÉÓõÄÑ¡Ïmetric¡¢mtu ÒÔ¼° pointtopoint µÈµÈ£»ÓйØÏêϸÐÅÏ¢£¬Çë²ÎÔÄ°ïÖúÒ³£©ÓÃÓÚÏÔʽµØÉèÖÃΨһµÄ½Ó¿Ú²ÎÊý£¬µ«Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ£¬Ìṩ½Ó¿ÚÃû³Æ£¨ÀýÈ磬 eth0£©¡¢IP µØÖ·ºÍÍøÂçÑÚÂë¾Í×ã¹»ÁË¡£ÀýÈ磺
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
·ÖÅä¸ø½Ó¿Ú eth0 µÄ IP Ϊ 192.168.1.5£¬ÍøÂçÑÚÂëΪ 255.255.255.0 ²¢¡°Æô¶¯¸Ã½Ó¿Ú¡±»ò½«Æä³õʼ»¯¡£ÀàËƵģ¬Èô½«½Ó¿Ú¡°¹Ø±Õ¡±£¬ÔòÊäÈë ifconfig eth0 down £»²»ÐèÒªÖ¸¶¨ IP ºÍÍøÂçÑÚÂë¡£
ʹÓà ifconfig ¼ì²é½Ó¿Ú
ÔËÐв»´ø²ÎÊýµÄ ifconfig »áʹ¸Ã³ÌÐòÏÔʾËùÓÐÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÄ״̬¡£ÈôÒª¼ì²éÌض¨½Ó¿ÚµÄ״̬£¬ÔòÔÚ ifconfig ºó¸½¼ÓÕâ¸ö½Ó¿ÚµÄÃû³Æ¡£ÀýÈ磺
[tom@phoenix tom]$ /sbin/ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:5A:00:87:22
inet addr:192.168.1.20 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:9625272 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:6997276 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:19 Base address:0xc800
ÒÔÉÏÊä³öÏÔʾ MAC µØÖ·£¨Hwaddr£©¡¢Ëù·ÖÅäµÄ IP µØÖ·£¨inet addr£©¡¢¹ã²¥µØÖ·£¨Bcast£©ºÍÍøÂçÑÚÂ루Mask£©¡£ÁíÍâ¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö¸Ã½Ó¿Ú´¦ÓÚ UP ״̬£¬Æä MTU Ϊ 1500 ²¢ÇÒ Metric Ϊ 1¡£½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄÁ½Ðиø³öÓйؽÓÊÕµ½£¨RX£©ºÍÒÑ·¢Ë͵ģ¨TX£©ÐÅÏ¢°üÊý£¬ÒÔ¼°´íÎ󡢶ªÆúºÍÒç³öÐÅÏ¢°üÊýµÄͳ¼Æ¡£×îºóÁ½ÐÐÏÔʾ³åÍ»ÐÅÏ¢°üµÄÊýÄ¿¡¢·¢ËͶÓÁдóС£¨txqueuelen£©ºÍ IRQ ÒÔ¼°Õâ¿é¿¨µÄ»ùÖ·¡£
ÅäÖ÷ÓÉ
ÈÃÎÒÃÇͨ¹ý²é¿´ÉÐδÅäÖÃÍø¹ØµÄÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚÀ´¿´Ò»ÏÂÈçºÎÅäÖ÷ÓÉ¡£ÕýÈçÄúËù¼û£¬Ê¹Óò»´ø²ÎÊýµÄ route ÃüÁÏÔʾÄں˷ÓÉ±í¡£
[root@phoenix tom]# /sbin/route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
127.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
µÚÒ»ÏîÊǵ½ localhost µÄ»ØËÍ·ÓÉ£¬ËüÊÇÔÚÅäÖà lo ʱ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ¡£µÚ¶þÏîÊÇͨ¹ý½Ó¿Ú eth0 µ½ÍøÂç 192.168.1.0 µÄ·ÓÉ¡£µØÖ· 192.168.1.5 ²»ÊÇÔ¶³ÌÍø¹ØµØÖ·¡£ËüÊÇ·ÖÅä¸ø phoenix eth0 µÄµØÖ·¡£
×¢ÒâÿÏîµÄ±êÖ¾¡£ËüÃǶ¼ÉèÖÃÁË U£¨Æô¶¯£©±êÖ¾£¬Õâ±íʾ׼±¸Ê¹ÓÃËüÃÇ£¬µ«ËüÃǶ¼Î´ÉèÖà G£¨Íø¹Ø£©±êÖ¾¡£²»ÉèÖà G ±êÖ¾ÊÇÒòΪÕâÁ½¸ö·Óɶ¼ÊÇͨ¹ý±¾µØ½Ó¿Ú£¬¶ø²»ÊÇͨ¹ýÍⲿÍø¹ØµÄÖ±½Ó·ÓÉ¡£
ÉÏÊöʾÀý½ö°üº¬Ò»¸öÍøÂç·ÓÉ 192.168.1.0¡£Òò¶ø phoenix ½ö¿ÉÒÔÓëλÓÚ 192.168.1.0 ÍøÂçÖеÄÖ÷»ú½øÐÐͨÐÅ¡£
Ìí¼Ó¾²Ì¬Â·ÓÉ
×îСµÄ·Óɱí½öÔÊÐíÔÚͬһÍøÂçÖеÄÖ÷»ú»¥ÏàͨÐÅ¡£ÒªÓëÔ¶³ÌÖ÷»úͨÐÅ£¬±ØÐ뽫ͨ¹ýÍⲿÍø¹ØµÄ·ÓÉÌí¼Óµ½Â·ÓɱíÖС£´ïµ½¸ÃÄ¿µÄµÄÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇͨ¹ýʹÓà /sbin/route ÃüÁî¡£ÄÃÉÏÒ³ÖеÄÀý×ÓÀ´Ëµ£¬ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔھͽ«Â·ÓÉ 192.168.1.1 Ìí¼Óµ½ÍøÂçÅäÖÃÖС£
[root@phoenix tom]# /sbin/route add default 192.168.1.1 1
ÔÚÉÏÃæÕâ¸öʾÀýÖУ¬route ÃüÁîºóµÄµÚÒ»¸ö²ÎÊýÊǹؼü×Ö add ¡£ÔÚ route ÃüÁîÉϵĵÚÒ»¸ö¹Ø¼ü×ÖҪôÊÇ add ҪôÊÇ del £¨É¾³ý·ÓÉ£©¡£ÏÂÒ»¸öÖµÊÇÄ¿µÄµØµØÖ·£¬ËüÊÇͨ¹ý¸Ã·Óɵ½´ïµÄµØÖ·¡£Èç¹û¹Ø¼ü×Ö default ÓÃÓÚÄ¿µÄµØµØÖ·£¬Ôò´´½¨È±Ê¡Â·ÓÉ¡£Ö»ÒªÃ»Óе½Ä¿µÄµØµÄÌض¨Â·ÓÉʱ£¬¾ÍʹÓÃȱʡ·ÓÉ£»Í¨³££¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÄúÔÚ·ÓɱíÖÐΨһÐèÒªµÄÏî¡£Èç¹ûÍøÂçÖÐÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸öÍø¹Ø£¬ÔòʹÓÃȱʡ·ÓÉÒýµ¼ËùÓÐÒªµ½Ô¶³ÌÍøÂçµÄÊý¾ÝÁ÷Á¿Í¨¹ýÄǸöÍø¹Ø¡£
Õâ¸öÃüÁîÐеÄÏÂÒ»¸ö²ÎÊýÊÇÍø¹ØµØÖ·¡£¸ÃµØÖ·±ØÐëÊÇÖ±½ÓÁ¬½Ó±¾»úËùÔÚÍøÂçµÄÍø¹ØµØÖ·¡£ÔÚµ½Ô¶³ÌÄ¿µÄµØµÄÍøÂç·¾¶ÖУ¬TCP/IP ·ÓÉÒªÖ¸¶¨ÏÂÒ»Ìø£¨next-hop£©¡£Õâ¸öÏÂÒ»Öм̱ØÐëÊDZ¾»ú¿ÉÖ±½Ó·ÃÎʵģ»Òò¶ø£¬Ëü±ØÐëÊÇÔÚÖ±½ÓÁ¬½ÓÔÚ±¾»úËùÔÚµÄÍøÂçÖС£
×¢£ºÒòΪ´ó¶àÊýµÄ·Óɶ¼ÊÇÔÚϵͳÆô¶¯¹ý³ÌÔçÆÚʱÌí¼ÓµÄ£¬ËùÒÔ½¨ÒéÓÃÊý×ÖµÄ IP µØÖ·Ìæ´úÖ÷»úÃû¡£ÕâÑù×ö¾Í¿ÉÒÔÈ·±£Â·ÓÉÅäÖò»ÒÀÀµÓÚÃû³Æ·þÎñÆ÷µÄ״̬¡£¶øÇÒҪȷ±£×ÜÊÇʹÓÃÍêÕûµÄÊý×ÖµØÖ·£¨¹² 4 ¸ö×Ö½Ú£©£»Èç¹û²»ÓÃÍêÕûµÄ IP µØÖ·£¬Ôò·ÓÉÖ»ÄܲÂÏ벿·Ö IP µØÖ·£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÄܻᵼÖ²»ÕýÈ·µÄÅäÖá£
¾²Ì¬Â·ÓÉ£¬Ðø
ÔÚÉÏÒ³µÄ route ÃüÁîÖУ¬×îºóÒ»¸ö²ÎÊýÊÇÊý×Ö 1£¬³Æ֮Ϊ·ÓɶÈÁ¿£¨routing metric£©¡£µ±É¾³ý·ÓÉʱÊDz»ÐèÒª´Ë metric ²ÎÊýµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÌí¼Ó·ÓÉʱÐí¶àϵͳ¶¼ÐèÒªËü¡£¾¡¹ÜÐèÒª¶ÈÁ¿£¬route ½öʹÓÃËüÀ´È·¶¨Â·ÓÉÊÇͨ¹ýÖ±½ÓÁ¬½ÓµÄ½Ó¿Ú»¹ÊÇͨ¹ýÍⲿµÄÍø¹Ø¡£Èç¹û metric ÊÇ 0£¬½¨Á¢µÄÕâÌõ·ÓÉÊÇͨ¹ý±¾»ú½Ó¿ÚÇÒ²»ÉèÖà G ±êÖ¾£»Èç¹û metric Öµ±È 0 ´ó£¬Ôò½¨Á¢µÄÕâÌõ·ÓÉ´ø G ±êÖ¾ÇÒÍø¹ØµØÖ·±»ÈÏΪÊÇÍⲿµÄ¡£¾²Ì¬Â·Óɲ»Ê¹ÓÃÆäËü metric Öµ¡£ÐèÒªÕæÕýÓõ½¶à¸ö metric ÖµµÄÊǶ¯Ì¬Â·ÓÉ¡£
ÒªÏÔʾеķÓÉ±í£¬ÊäÈë /sbin/route »òʹÓà netstat -rn ÃüÁÎÒÃǽ«ÔÙÏÂÒ»½ÚÌÖÂÛ¸ÃÃüÁ£º
[root@phoenix tom]# netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
×îºó×öÒ»¸ö²âÊÔÀ´Ö¤Ã÷Ò»Çж¼ÈçͬÎÒÃǽ²µ½µÄÄÇÑùÔËÐУ¬ping ÁíÒ»¸öÍøÂçÉϵÄÖ÷»ú£»Ó¦¸Ã¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÕµ½ÏìÓ¦¡£Èç¹ûûÓнÓÊÕµ½ÏìÓ¦£¬ÔòÖØмì²éÄúµÄÅäÖá£
ÒªÊìϤ route ÆäËüµÄÑ¡ÏîºÍ²ÎÊý£¬ÇëÊäÈë man route ¡£
netstat ³ÌÐò
Èç¹û¹ÜÀíÈÎÒâ¹æÄ£µÄ TCP/IP ÍøÂ磬Ôò netstat ³ÌÐòÊÇÒ»¸öÏ൱ÓмÛÖµµÄ¹¤¾ß¡£Ëü¿ÉÒÔÏÔʾÄں˷ÓÉ±í£¬»î¶¯ÍøÂçÁ¬½ÓµÄ״̬ºÍÿ¸öÒÑ°²×°ÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚµÄһЩÓÐÓõÄͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢¡£
Ïó´ó¶àÊý Linux ¹ÜÀíÃüÁîÐгÌÐòÒ»Ñù£¬netstat ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÆäºóÃæµÄ¸½¼ÓÑ¡Ïî»ò±êÖ¾À´Ñ¡ÔñËùÏÔʾÐÅÏ¢µÄϸ½ÚÊýÁ¿ºÍ£¯»òÐÅÏ¢µÄ·¶Î§¡£Ò»Ð©³£ÓÃÑ¡ÏîÓУº
-a -- ÏÔʾËùÓÐÁ¬½ÓµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬°üÀ¨ÄÇЩÕýÔÚÕìÌýµÄ
-i -- ÏÔʾËùÓÐÒÑÅäÖÃÍøÂçÉ豸µÄͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢
-c -- ³ÖÐø¸üÐÂÍøÂç״̬£¨Ã¿ÃëÒ»´Î£©Ö±ÖÁ±»ÈËΪÖÐÖ¹£¨^C£©
-r -- ÏÔʾÄں˷Óɱí
-n -- ÒÔÊý×Ö£¨Ôʼ£©¸ñʽ¶ø²»ÊÇÒѽâÎöµÄÃû³ÆÏÔʾԶ³ÌºÍ±¾µØµØÖ·
-t -- ½öÏÔʾ TCP Ì×½Ó×ÖÐÅÏ¢£¨²»°üÀ¨ÈκΠUCP Ì×½Ó×ÖÐÅÏ¢£©
-v -- ÏÔʾ netstat µÄ°æ±¾ÐÅÏ¢
ÊäÈë man netstat ¿É»ñµÃËùÓпÉÓñêÖ¾µÄÍêÕûÁбíºÍÏêϸ˵Ã÷ÿ¸ö±êÖ¾µÄÓÃ;¡£Çë×¢Ò⻹¿ÉÒÔ×éºÏÕâЩ±êÖ¾£¬ËùÒÔÊäÈë netstat -rn ½«ÒÔÔʼµÄ IP µØÖ·¸ñʽÏÔʾ¹ØÓÚ±¾µØºÍÔ¶³ÌÖ÷»ú£¨n£©µÄϵͳ·ÓÉ±í£¨r£©¡£
ÏÔʾ»î¶¯µÄÍøÂçÁ¬½Ó
netstat Ö§³ÖÒ»×éÏÔʾ»î¶¯»ò·Ç»î¶¯µÄÌ×½Ó×ÖµÄÑ¡Ï-t¡¢-u¡¢-w ºÍ -x ·Ö±ðÏÔʾ»î¶¯µÄ TCP¡¢UDP¡¢RAW »ò UNIX Ì×½Ó×ÖÁ¬½Ó¡£Èç¹û¼ÓÉÏ -a ±êÖ¾£¬»¹»áÏÔʾµÈ´ýÁ¬½ÓµÄ£¨»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬¾ÍÊÇÕìÌý£©Ì×½Ó×Ö¡£Õ⽫ΪÄúÏÔʾÏÖÔÚÕýÔÚϵͳÉÏÔËÐеÄËùÓзþÎñÆ÷¡£
ÀýÈ磺ÔÚÖ÷»ú phoenix ÉÏÊäÈë netstat -ta »áÏÔʾÏÂÁÐÄÚÈÝ£º
[tom@phoenix tom]$ netstat -ta
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 40 phoenix.syroidmanor:ssh 192.168.1.5:1132 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 phoenix.syroidmano:1028 hydras.syro:netbios-ssn ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 phoenix.syroidmano:1027 raidserver:netbios-ssn ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 *:printer *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:auth *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:1024 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN
ÉÏÊöÊä³öÏÔʾ´ó¶àÊýµÄ·þÎñÆ÷½ö½öÔڵȴýµ½À´µÄÁ¬½Ó£¨LISTEN£©¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬µÚÒ»ÐÐÏÔʾÖ÷»ú phoenix ºÍ IP µØַΪ 192.168.1.5 Ö®¼äµÄÁ¬½Ó£»µÚÈýºÍµÚËÄÐÐÏÔʾÁ½¸ö netbios Á¬½Ó£¨Samba SMB ¹²Ïí£©¡£
Óà netstat ²é¿´Â·Óɱí
µ±Ê¹Óà -r ±ê־ʱ£¬netstat ÏÔʾÄÚºËÖеÄ·ÓÉ±í£¬ÕâÀàËÆÓÚÊäÈë /sbin/route :
[tom@phoenix tom]$ netstat -nr
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
-n Ñ¡ÏîÇ¿ÖÆ netstat ÒÔµã·ÖËÄ×é IP Êý×ÖµÄÐÎʽ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÖ÷»úºÍÍøÂçÃû³ÆµÄÐÎʽÊä³öµØÖ·¡£µ±Äú²»Ïëͨ¹ýÍøÂ磨ÀýÈ磬Óà DNS »ò NIS ·þÎñÆ÷£©½øÐеØÖ·²éѯʱ£¬Õâ¸öÑ¡ÏîÌرðÓÐÓá£
µÚ¶þÁÐÏÔʾ·ÓÉÏîÖÐËùÖ¸ÏòµÄÍø¹Ø¡£Èç¹ûûÓÐʹÓÃÍø¹Ø£¬¾Í»áÏÔʾÐǺš£µÚÈýÁÐÊÇ·ÓɵÄÍøÂçÑÚÂë¡£ÄÚºËÔÚ½«ÐÅÏ¢°üµÄ IP µØÖ·Óë·ÓɵÄÄ¿µÄµØ IP µØÖ·½øÐбȽÏ֮ǰ£¬½« Genmask ÖµÓëÐÅÏ¢°üµÄ IP µØÖ·Öðλ½øÐС°Ó롱²Ù×÷£¬´Ó¶øʹ·ÓÉ¡°Í¨Óû¯¡±¡£
µÚËÄÁÐÏÔʾ·ÓɵıêÖ¾£ºU ±íʾ´¦Óڻ״̬£¬H ±íʾÖ÷»ú£¬G ±íʾÍø¹Ø£¬D ±íʾ¶¯Ì¬Â·ÓÉ£¬¶ø M ±íʾÒѾÐ޸Ĺý¡£
Óà netstat ²é¿´Â·ÓÉ±í£¬Ðø
[tom@phoenix tom]$ netstat -nr
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
½ÓÏÂÀ´µÄÈýÁÐÏÔʾ MSS¡¢Window ºÍ irtt£¬ËüÃǽ«±»Ó¦ÓÃÓÚͨ¹ý¸Ã·Óɽ¨Á¢µÄ TCP Á¬½Ó¡£MSS£¨Maximum Segment Size£©±íʾ¡°×î´ó·Ö¶Î³ß´ç¡±£¬Ò²ÊÇÄÚºËËù¹¹½¨ÒÔͨ¹ý¸Ã·ÓÉ·¢Ë͵ÄÊý¾Ý±¨µÄ×î´ó³ß´ç¡£Window ±íʾϵͳһ´Î´ÓÔ¶³ÌÖ÷»ú½ÓÊÕÍ»·¢µÄ×î´óÁ¿Êý¾Ý¡£
Ê××ÖĸËõд´Ê irtt ´ú±í¡°³õʼÍù·µÊ±¼ä£¨initial round trip tim£©¡±¡£TCP ÐÒéÈ·±£Ö÷»ú¼ä¿É¿¿µØ·¢ËÍÊý¾Ý£¬Èç¹ûÊý¾ÝÒѾ¶ªÊ§£¬ÔòÖØз¢ËÍ¡£TCP ÐÒéÒ»Ö±¶Ô·¢Ë͸øÔ¶³Ì¶ËµãµÄÊý¾Ý±¨ºÍ½ÓÊÕµ½µÄÈ·ÈÏËù»¨·ÑµÄʱ¼ä½øÐмÇÊý£¬ÒÔ±ãÖªµÀ¼Ù¶¨ÒªÖØ·¢Êý¾Ý±¨Ç°ÐèÒªµÈ´ýµÄʱ¼ä£»Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì³ÆΪÍù·µÊ±¼ä¡£TCP ÐÒ齫ʹÓõÚÒ»´Î½¨Á¢Á¬½ÓʱËùÓÃʱ¼ä×÷Ϊ³õʼÍù·µÊ±¼äµÄÖµ¡£¶ÔÓÚ´ó¶àÊýÀàÐ͵ÄÍøÂ磬ÓÃȱʡֵ¾Í¹»ÁË£¬µ«¶ÔijЩËٶȽÏÂýµÄÍøÂ磨ÌرðÊÇijЩҵÓàµÄ·Ö×éÎÞÏßÍøÂ磩£¬Õâ¸öʱ¼äÌ«¶ÌÁË£¬»áÔì³É²»±ØÒªµÄÖØ·¢¡£¿ÉÒÔʹÓà route ÃüÁîÉèÖà irtt Öµ¡£ÔÚÉÏÃæÕâ¸ö·ÓɱíÖУ¬ÕâЩ×ֶξùΪÁãÖµ£¬Õâ±íÃ÷ÕýÔÚʹÓÃȱʡֵ¡£
×îºó£¬×îºóÕâ¸ö×ֶαíʾµÄÊÇËùÏÔʾµÄ·ÓÉʹÓõÄÍøÂç½Ó¿Ú¡£
Óà netstat ÏÔʾһЩÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚʹÓõÄͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢
Óà -i Ñ¡Ïîµ÷Óà netstat ¿ÉÒÔÏÔʾËùÓÐÒÑÅäÖýӿڵÄһЩÓÐÓõÄͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢ -- ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÓÃÓÚÅųýÍøÂç¹ÊÕϵķdz£ÓÐÓõŤ¾ß¡£ÓÐÁ˸ÃÃüÁºÜÈÝÒ×¼ì²éÁ¬½ÓµÄ״̬ÒÔ¼°Á¬½ÓÊÇ·ñ¡°Õý³£¡±¡£
[tom@phoenix tom]$ netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:5A:00:87:22
inet addr:192.168.1.20 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:10554374 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8528339 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:19 Base address:0xc800
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:3924 Metric:1
RX packets:5612 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:5612 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX packets ºÍ TX packets ÐзֱðÏÔʾÁËÒѾ½ÓÊÕµ½µÄÐÅÏ¢°ü»òÒѾ·¢ËÍÁ˵ÄÐÅÏ¢°üÊýÄ¿ÒÔ¼°³ö´íµÄÐÅÏ¢°ü¡¢¶ªÊ§µÄÐÅÏ¢°üÒÔ¼°Òç³öµÄ RX/TX ͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢¡£×î³£¼ûµÄ½Ó¿Ú´íÎó¶¼ÊÇÔ´ÓÚ²»ÕýÈ·µÄÅäÖã¬ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÓöµ½ÁËijЩÀ§ÄÑ£¬×îºÃÔÙÈý¼ì²éËùÓеÄÉèÖÃÀ´½øÐÐÕï¶Ï¡£
¼Ùʹ½Ó¿ÚÒѾÆô¶¯£¬ÔòÓ¦¸ÃûÓÐÐÅÏ¢°üÅŶӵȺò·¢ËÍ£¨txqueuelen£©-- Èç¹ûÓУ¬Ôò¿ÉÄÜÊÇÓÉÓÚÍøÂçµçÀ»òÍø¿¨ÓÐÎÊÌâ¡£Ê×ÏÈ»»Ò»¸ù±¸ÓõçÀ£¬È»ºóÖØмì²éÁ¬½Ó¡£RX/TX ´íÎóÓ¦¸Ã½üºõΪÁã¡£Èç¹û TX ´íÎó¹ý¶à£¬Ôò±íʾÍøÂçÒѾ±¥ºÍ»òÎïÀíÁ¬½ÓÓÐÎÊÌ⣻Èç¹û RX ´íÎó¹ý¶à£¬Ôò±íʾÍøÂçÒѾ±¥ºÍ¡¢ÎïÀíÁ¬½ÓÓÐÎÊÌâ»òÖ÷»ú¹ýÔØ¡£Èç¹ûÓöµ½¹ý¸ßµÄ³åÍ»ÂÊ£¨³åÍ»ÂÊÊÇÊä³öÐÅÏ¢°ü£¨output packet£©µÄ°Ù·Ö±È£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ´Ó·¢ËÍ£¯½ÓÊÕÐÅÏ¢°üµÄ×ÜÊýÖмÆËãµÃ³ö£©£¬Ëü¿ÉÄÜÒ²±íʾÍøÂçÒѾ±¥ºÍ£»Í¨¹ý´Óͬһ×ÓÍøÉϵÄÁíһ̨Ö÷»úÖ´ÐÐ netstat -i ÃüÁî²¢±È½Ï½á¹ûÀ´Ö¤ÊµÕâÒ»µã¡£
Òª½â¾öÍøÂçÖдíÎó£¬Ò»¶¨Òª×ÐϸµØÒÔ¼°ÏµÍ³µØ·ÖÎö½Ó¿ÚµÄËùÓз½Ã棨Ӳ¼þºÍÈí¼þ£©£¬ÕâÊDZØÒªµÄ¡£²»Òª´ÒæÐÐÊ£¬¡¡°¡¡¡ÎÒÃÇÌáµ½ÁË×ÜÊÇÒªÏȼì²éÍøÂçµçÀ¡£ÔÚÕâÒ»µã£¬ÏàÐÅÎÒ¡£
½áÊøÓï
ÔÚ±¾½Ì³ÌÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇÒѾÌÖÂÛÁË TCP/IP µÄÀúÊ·¡¢OSI Ä£ÐͺÍËüÓë TCP/IP Éè¼ÆµÄ¹Øϵ¡¢IP Ñ°Ö·¡¢×ÓÍø»®·ÖºÍ·ÓÉ -- ËùÓÐÕâЩ¶¼ÊÇ´ÓÀíÂ۽ǶÈÀ´²ûÊöµÄ¡£È»ºóÎÒÃÇ×ÅÊÖÑо¿ÁËÈçºÎÔÚ Red Hat 7.0 ϳõʼ»¯ TCP/IP ÍøÂ磬ÒÔ¼°½²ÊöÁË Red Hat ϵÄһЩÎļþÊÇ×öʲôÓõġ£½ÓÏÂÀ´£¬ÎÒÃÇ̽ÌÖÁËÈçºÎÅäÖÃÍøÂç½Ó¿ÚÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎÖ¸¶¨±¾µØ¾ÖÓòÍøºÍ¡°ÍⲿÊÀ½ç¡±¼äµÄ·ÓÉ¡£×îºó£¬±¾½Ì³Ì̽ÌÖÁË netstat ³ÌÐòÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎʹÓøóÌÐòÀ´¼ì²éÍøÂçÊÇ·ñÕý³£¡£
ȷʵ£¬ÐèÒª¼³È¡Ðí¶à֪ʶ£¬µ«ÊÇ TCP/IP ÊÇÒ»¸öºÜ´óµÄÖ÷Ì⣬ÓÐÊý°ÙÌõµÄ·ÖÖ§£¬Ò»¸öÈ˲»¿ÉÄÜÔÚÁ½ÈýÌìÄÚÍêÈ«ÕÆÎÕËü¡£ÊÂʵÈÔÈ»ÊÇ£ºTCP/IP ÊÇÒòÌØÍøµÄÖ÷¸É£¬Â·ÓÉÊǽ«ËùÓÐÖ÷»úºÍÍøÂç¡°Õ³¡±ÔÚÒ»ÆðµÄ¡°Õ³ºÏ¼Á¡±£¬¶ø IP µØÖ·´ú±íÎÒÃÇÔÚÕâ¸öÊÀ½çÀï¡°³åÀË¡±Ê±ËùÒª·ÃÎʵĵط½¡£µ±ÄúÏëµ½ÕâÒ»µã£¬²¢¿¼Âǵ½¹ýÈ¥Èý¡¢ËÄÄêÈËÃǶԼÆËã»úÁìÓò£¬ÌرðÊÇÒòÌØÍøµÄÐèÇó·ÉËÙÔö³¤Ê±£¬Äú»á¾õµÃÕâЩ»ù´¡ÉèʩȷʵÔڷdz£ºÃµØÖ§³ÅÕâЩ¡£
ÔÚÍøÉÏÓУº
? Linux System Administrator's Guide
? ѧϰÈçºÎ Easily configure TCP/IP on your AIX system
? IBM ÌṩÁËһЩÓÃÓÚÍøÂç¼à¿ØµÄ¹¤¾ß£¬Æ©Èç Tivoli NetView Performance Monitor for TCP/IP
? ·ÃÎÊ TCP/IP for OS/40O µÄÖ÷Ò³
? ÇëÔĶÁ¹ØÓÚʵÏÖ iSeries ºÍ AS/400 µÄ TCP/IP ºÍÒòÌØÍø·ÃÎÊ
? Èç¹ûÄú¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßËÑË÷ºÍ²Î¿¼£¬ÔòÎÒÇ¿ÁÒÏòÄúÍƼö O'Reilly Ð嵀 Safari ¶©ÔÄ·þÎñ¡£Äú¿ÉÒÔÍêÈ«ËÑË÷²¢Ñ¡ÔñһЩÔø¾³ö°æ¹ýµÄÓйØÍøÂç·½Ãæ×îºÃµÄÊé¼®¡£
³ö°æµÄÊé¼®ÓУº
? TCP/IP Network Administration, 2nd Edition£¬Craig Hunt£¨O'Reilly£©ISBN£º1-56592-322-7
? Linux in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition£¬Siever, Spainhour, Figgins, and Hekman£¨O'Reilly£©ISBN£º0-596-00025-1
? Running Linux, 3rd Edition, Welsh, Dalheimer, and Kaufman£¨O'Reilly£©ISBN£º1-56592-469-X
jay.junjieyao ÓÚ 2010-03-06 01:11:30·¢±í:
thanks for sharing this valuable documentation!!
ĬÄîÄÇ·Ý°® ÓÚ 2010-03-05 15:26:42·¢±í:
Ç¿£¡~
ly_chaojilong ÓÚ 2010-03-04 17:17:39·¢±í:
ÊÕ²ØÁË
feidecheng ÓÚ 2008-04-27 15:38:23·¢±í:
(5ty( Ç¿.ѧϰÁË