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Çåµ¥1£ºhello.c
#include
int main(void)
{
printf ("Hello world, Linux programming!\\n");
return 0;
}
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# gcc hello.c -o hello
# ./hello
Hello world, Linux programming!
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# gcc -E hello.c -o hello.i
´ËʱÈô²é¿´hello.cppÎļþÖеÄÄÚÈÝ£¬»á·¢ÏÖstdio.hµÄÄÚÈÝȷʵ¶¼²åµ½ÎļþÀïÈ¥ÁË£¬¶øÆäËüÓ¦µ±±»Ô¤´¦ÀíµÄºê¶¨ÒåÒ²¶¼×öÁËÏàÓ¦µÄ´¦Àí¡£ÏÂÒ»²½Êǽ«hello.i±àÒëΪĿ±ê´úÂ룬Õâ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýʹÓÃ-c²ÎÊýÀ´Íê³É£º
# gcc -c hello.i -o hello.o
GCCĬÈϽ«.iÎļþ¿´³ÉÊÇÔ¤´¦ÀíºóµÄCÓïÑÔÔ´´úÂ룬Òò´ËÉÏÊöÃüÁ×Ô¶¯Ìø¹ýÔ¤´¦Àí²½Öè¶ø¿ªÊ¼Ö´ÐбàÒë¹ý³Ì£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ-x²ÎÊýÈÃGCC´ÓÖ¸¶¨µÄ²½Ö迪ʼ±àÒë¡£×îºóÒ»²½Êǽ«Éú³ÉµÄÄ¿±êÎļþÁ´½Ó³É¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ£º
# gcc hello.o -o hello
ÔÚ²ÉÓÃÄ£¿é»¯µÄÉè¼Æ˼Ïë½øÐÐÈí¼þ¿ª·¢Ê±£¬Í¨³£Õû¸ö³ÌÐòÊÇÓɶà¸öÔ´Îļþ×é³ÉµÄ£¬ÏàÓ¦µØÒ²¾ÍÐγÉÁ˶à¸ö±àÒëµ¥Ôª£¬Ê¹ÓÃGCCÄܹ»ºÜºÃµØ¹ÜÀíÕâЩ±àÒëµ¥Ôª¡£¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸öÓÉfoo1.cºÍfoo2.cÁ½¸öÔ´Îļþ×é³ÉµÄ³ÌÐò£¬ÎªÁ˶ÔËüÃǽøÐбàÒ룬²¢×îÖÕÉú³É¿ÉÖ´ÐгÌÐòfoo£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÏÂÃæÕâÌõÃüÁ
# gcc foo1.c foo2.c -o foo
Èç¹ûͬʱ´¦ÀíµÄÎļþ²»Ö¹Ò»¸ö£¬GCCÈÔÈ»»á°´ÕÕÔ¤´¦Àí¡¢±àÒëºÍÁ´½ÓµÄ¹ý³ÌÒÀ´Î½øÐС£Èç¹ûÉÆðÀ´£¬ÉÏÃæÕâÌõÃüÁî´óÖÂÏ൱ÓÚÒÀ´ÎÖ´ÐÐÈçÏÂÈýÌõÃüÁ
# gcc -c foo1.c -o foo1.o
# gcc -c foo2.c -o foo2.o
# gcc foo1.o foo2.o -o foo
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Çåµ¥2£ºillcode.c
#include
void main(void)
{
long long int var = 1;
printf("It is not standard C code!\\n");
}
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# gcc -pedantic illcode.c -o illcode
illcode.c: In function `main':
illcode.c:9: ISO C89 does not support `long long'
illcode.c:8: return type of `main' is not `int'
ÐèҪעÒâµÄÊÇ£¬-pedantic±àÒëÑ¡Ïî²¢²»Äܱ£Ö¤±»±àÒë³ÌÐòÓëANSI/ISO C±ê×¼µÄÍêÈ«¼æÈÝ£¬Ëü½ö½öÖ»ÄÜÓÃÀ´°ïÖúLinux³ÌÐòÔ±ÀëÕâ¸öÄ¿±êÔ½À´Ô½½ü¡£»òÕß»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬-pedanticÑ¡ÏîÄܹ»°ïÖú³ÌÐòÔ±·¢ÏÖһЩ²»·ûºÏANSI/ISO C±ê×¼µÄ´úÂ룬µ«²»ÊÇÈ«²¿£¬ÊÂʵÉÏÖ»ÓÐANSI/ISO CÓïÑÔ±ê×¼ÖÐÒªÇó½øÐбàÒëÆ÷Õï¶ÏµÄÄÇЩÇé¿ö£¬²ÅÓпÉÄܱ»GCC·¢ÏÖ²¢Ìá³ö¾¯¸æ¡£
³ýÁË-pedanticÖ®Í⣬GCC»¹ÓÐһЩÆäËü±àÒëÑ¡ÏîÒ²Äܹ»²úÉúÓÐÓõľ¯¸æÐÅÏ¢¡£ÕâЩѡÏî´ó¶àÒÔ-W¿ªÍ·£¬ÆäÖÐ×îÓмÛÖµµÄµ±Êý-WallÁË£¬Ê¹ÓÃËüÄܹ»Ê¹GCC²úÉú¾¡¿ÉÄܶàµÄ¾¯¸æÐÅÏ¢£º
# gcc -Wall illcode.c -o illcode
illcode.c:8: warning: return type of `main' is not `int'
illcode.c: In function `main':
illcode.c:9: warning: unused variable `var'
GCC¸ø³öµÄ¾¯¸æÐÅÏ¢ËäÈ»´ÓÑϸñÒâÒåÉÏ˵²»ÄÜËã×÷ÊÇ´íÎ󣬵«È´ºÜ¿ÉÄܳÉΪ´íÎóµÄÆÜÉíÖ®Ëù¡£Ò»¸öÓÅÐãµÄLinux³ÌÐòÔ±Ó¦¸Ã¾¡Á¿±ÜÃâ²úÉú¾¯¸æÐÅÏ¢£¬Ê¹×Ô¼ºµÄ´úÂëʼÖÕ±£³Ö¼ò½à¡¢ÓÅÃÀºÍ½¡×³µÄÌØÐÔ¡£
ÔÚ´¦Àí¾¯¸æ·½Ã棬ÁíÒ»¸ö³£ÓõıàÒëÑ¡ÏîÊÇ-Werror£¬ËüÒªÇóGCC½«ËùÓеľ¯¸æµ±³É´íÎó½øÐд¦Àí£¬ÕâÔÚʹÓÃ×Ô¶¯±àÒ빤¾ß£¨ÈçMakeµÈ£©Ê±·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£Èç¹û±àÒëʱ´øÉÏ-WerrorÑ¡ÏÄÇôGCC»áÔÚËùÓвúÉú¾¯¸æµÄµØ·½Í£Ö¹±àÒ룬ÆÈʹ³ÌÐòÔ±¶Ô×Ô¼ºµÄ´úÂë½øÐÐÐ޸ġ£Ö»Óе±ÏàÓ¦µÄ¾¯¸æÐÅÏ¢Ïû³ýʱ£¬²Å¿ÉÄܽ«±àÒë¹ý³Ì¼ÌÐø³¯Ç°Íƽø¡£Ö´ÐÐÇé¿öÈçÏ£º
# gcc -Wall -Werror illcode.c -o illcode
cc1: warnings being treated as errors
illcode.c:8: warning: return type of `main' is not `int'
illcode.c: In function `main':
illcode.c:9: warning: unused variable `var'
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GCC²ÉÓÃËÑË÷Ŀ¼µÄ°ì·¨À´²éÕÒËùÐèÒªµÄÎļþ£¬-IÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÒÔÏòGCCµÄÍ·ÎļþËÑË÷·¾¶ÖÐÌí¼ÓеÄĿ¼¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÔÚ/home/xiaowp/include/Ŀ¼ÏÂÓбàÒëʱËùÐèÒªµÄÍ·Îļþ£¬ÎªÁËÈÃGCCÄܹ»Ë³ÀûµØÕÒµ½ËüÃÇ£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ-IÑ¡Ï
# gcc foo.c -I /home/xiaowp/include -o foo
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# gcc foo.c -L /home/xiaowp/lib -lfoo -o foo
ÖµµÃºÃºÃ½âÊÍһϵÄÊÇ-lÑ¡ÏËüָʾGCCÈ¥Á¬½Ó¿âÎļþlibfoo.so¡£LinuxϵĿâÎļþÔÚÃüÃûʱÓÐÒ»¸öÔ¼¶¨£¬ÄǾÍÊÇÓ¦¸ÃÒÔlibÈý¸ö×Öĸ¿ªÍ·£¬ÓÉÓÚËùÓеĿâÎļþ¶¼×ñÑÁËͬÑùµÄ¹æ·¶£¬Òò´ËÔÚÓÃ-lÑ¡ÏîÖ¸¶¨Á´½ÓµÄ¿âÎļþÃûʱ¿ÉÒÔÊ¡È¥libÈý¸ö×Öĸ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵GCCÔÚ¶Ô-lfoo½øÐд¦Àíʱ£¬»á×Ô¶¯È¥Á´½ÓÃûΪlibfoo.soµÄÎļþ¡£
LinuxϵĿâÎļþ·ÖΪÁ½´óÀà·Ö±ðÊǶ¯Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â£¨Í¨³£ÒÔ.so½á⣩ºÍ¾²Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â£¨Í¨³£ÒÔ.a½á⣩£¬Á½ÕߵIJî±ð½öÔÚ³ÌÐòÖ´ÐÐʱËùÐèµÄ´úÂëÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐʱ¶¯Ì¬¼ÓÔصģ¬»¹ÊÇÔÚ±àÒëʱ¾²Ì¬¼ÓÔصġ£Ä¬ÈÏÇé¿öÏ£¬GCCÔÚÁ´½ÓʱÓÅÏÈʹÓö¯Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â£¬Ö»Ó屶¯Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â²»´æÔÚʱ²Å¿¼ÂÇʹÓþ²Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â£¬Èç¹ûÐèÒªµÄ»°¿ÉÒÔÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ-staticÑ¡ÏǿÖÆʹÓþ²Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÔÚ/home/xiaowp/lib/Ŀ¼ÏÂÓÐÁ´½ÓʱËùÐèÒªµÄ¿âÎļþlibfoo.soºÍlibfoo.a£¬ÎªÁËÈà GCCÔÚÁ´½ÓʱֻÓõ½¾²Ì¬Á´½Ó¿â£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ
# gcc foo.c -L /home/xiaowp/lib -static -lfoo -o foo
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Çåµ¥3£ºoptimize.c
#include
int main(void)
{
double counter;
double result;
double temp;
for (counter = 0;
counter < 2000.0 * 2000.0 * 2000.0 / 20.0 + 2020;
counter += (5 - 1) / 4) {
temp = counter / 1979;
result = counter;
}
printf("Result is %lf\\n", result);
return 0;
}
Ê×ÏȲ»¼ÓÈκÎÓÅ»¯Ñ¡Ïî½øÐбàÒ룺
# gcc -Wall optimize.c -o optimize
½èÖúLinuxÌṩµÄtimeÃüÁ¿ÉÒÔ´óÖÂͳ¼Æ³ö¸Ã³ÌÐòÔÚÔËÐÐʱËùÐèÒªµÄʱ¼ä£º
# time ./optimize
Result is 400002019.000000
real 0m14.942s
user 0m14.940s
sys 0m0.000s
½ÓÏÂȥʹÓÃÓÅ»¯Ñ¡ÏîÀ´¶Ô´úÂë½øÐÐÓÅ»¯´¦Àí£º
# gcc -Wall -O optimize.c -o optimize
ÔÚͬÑùµÄÌõ¼þÏÂÔٴβâÊÔÒ»ÏÂÔËÐÐʱ¼ä£º
# time ./optimize
Result is 400002019.000000
real 0m3.256s
user 0m3.240s
sys 0m0.000s
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GCC²úÉúµÄµ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅ¾ßÓÐÆÕ±éµÄÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ£¬¿ÉÒÔ±»Ðí¶àµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¼ÓÒÔÀûÓ㬵«Èç¹ûʹÓõÄÊÇGDB£¬ÄÇô»¹¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý-ggdbÑ¡ÏîÔÚÉú³ÉµÄ¶þ½øÖÆ´úÂëÖаüº¬GDBרÓõĵ÷ÊÔÐÅÏ¢¡£ÕâÖÖ×ö·¨µÄÓŵãÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ·½±ãGDBµÄµ÷ÊÔ¹¤×÷£¬µ«È±µãÊÇ¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÆäËüµ÷ÊÔÆ÷£¨ÈçDBX£©ÎÞ·¨½øÐÐÕý³£µÄµ÷ÊÔ¡£Ñ¡Ïî-ggdbÄܹ»½ÓÊܵĵ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ðºÍ-gÊÇÍêÈ«Ò»ÑùµÄ£¬ËüÃǶÔÊä³öµÄµ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅÓÐ×ÅÏàͬµÄÓ°Ïì¡£
ÐèҪעÒâµÄÊÇ£¬Ê¹ÓÃÈκÎÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ï»áʹ×îÖÕÉú³ÉµÄ¶þ½øÖÆÎļþµÄ´óС¼±¾çÔö¼Ó£¬Í¬Ê±Ôö¼Ó³ÌÐòÔÚÖ´ÐÐʱµÄ¿ªÏú£¬Òò´Ëµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïîͨ³£½öÔÚÈí¼þµÄ¿ª·¢ºÍµ÷ÊԽ׶ÎʹÓᣵ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïî¶ÔÉú³É´úÂë´óСµÄÓ°Ïì´ÓÏÂÃæµÄ¶Ô±È¹ý³ÌÖпÉÒÔ¿´³öÀ´£º
# gcc optimize.c -o optimize
# ls optimize -l
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xiaowp xiaowp 11649 Nov 20 08:53 optimize (δ¼Óµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïî)
# gcc -g optimize.c -o optimize
# ls optimize -l
-rwxrwxr-x 1 xiaowp xiaowp 15889 Nov 20 08:54 optimize (¼ÓÈëµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïî)
ËäÈ»µ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ïî»áÔö¼ÓÎļþµÄ´óС£¬µ«ÊÂʵÉÏLinuxÖеÄÐí¶àÈí¼þÔÚ²âÊÔ°æ±¾ÉõÖÁ×îÖÕ·¢Ðа汾ÖÐÈÔȻʹÓÃÁ˵÷ÊÔÑ¡ÏîÀ´½øÐбàÒ룬ÕâÑù×öµÄÄ¿µÄÊǹÄÀøÓû§ÔÚ·¢ÏÖÎÊÌâʱ×Ô¼º¶¯ÊÖ½â¾ö£¬ÊÇLinuxµÄÒ»¸öÏÔÖøÌØÉ«¡£
ÏÂÃ滹ÊÇͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö¾ßÌåµÄʵÀý˵Ã÷ÈçºÎÀûÓõ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅÀ´·ÖÎö´íÎó£¬ËùÓóÌÐò¼ûÇåµ¥4Ëùʾ¡£
Çåµ¥4£ºcrash.c
#include
int main(void)
{
int input =0;
printf("Input an integer:");
scanf("%d", input);
printf("The integer you input is %d\\n", input);
return 0;
}
±àÒë²¢ÔËÐÐÉÏÊö´úÂ룬»á²úÉúÒ»¸öÑÏÖصĶδíÎó£¨Segmentation fault£©ÈçÏ£º
# gcc -g crash.c -o crash
# ./crash
Input an integer:10
Segmentation fault
ΪÁ˸ü¿ìËٵط¢ÏÖ´íÎóËùÔÚ£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃGDB½øÐиú×Ùµ÷ÊÔ£¬·½·¨ÈçÏ£º
# gdb crash
GNU gdb Red Hat Linux (5.3post-0.20021129.18rh)
¡¡
(gdb)
µ±GDBÌáʾ·û³öÏÖµÄʱºò£¬±íÃ÷GDBÒѾ×öºÃ×¼±¸½øÐе÷ÊÔÁË£¬ÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýrunÃüÁîÈóÌÐò¿ªÊ¼ÔÚGDBµÄ¼à¿ØÏÂÔËÐУº
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/xiaowp/thesis/gcc/code/crash
Input an integer:10
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x4008576b in _IO_vfscanf_internal () from /lib/libc.so.6
×Ðϸ·ÖÎöÒ»ÏÂGDB¸ø³öµÄÊä³ö½á¹û²»ÄÑ¿´³ö£¬³ÌÐòÊÇÓÉÓڶδíÎó¶øµ¼ÖÂÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹µÄ£¬ËµÃ÷ÄÚ´æ²Ù×÷³öÁËÎÊÌ⣬¾ßÌå·¢ÉúÎÊÌâµÄµØ·½ÊÇÔÚµ÷ÓÃ_IO_vfscanf_internal ( )µÄʱºò¡£ÎªÁ˵õ½¸ü¼ÓÓмÛÖµµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃGDBÌṩµÄ»ØËݸú×ÙÃüÁîbacktrace£¬Ö´Ðнá¹ûÈçÏ£º
(gdb) backtrace
#0 0x4008576b in _IO_vfscanf_internal () from /lib/libc.so.6
#1 0xbffff0c0 in ?? ()
#2 0x4008e0ba in scanf () from /lib/libc.so.6
#3 0x08048393 in main () at crash.c:11
#4 0x40042917 in __libc_start_main () from /lib/libc.so.6
Ìø¹ýÊä³ö½á¹ûÖеÄÇ°ÃæÈýÐУ¬´ÓÊä³ö½á¹ûµÄµÚËÄÐÐÖв»ÄÑ¿´³ö£¬GDBÒѾ½«´íÎó¶¨Î»µ½crash.cÖеĵÚ11ÐÐÁË¡£ÏÖÔÚ×Ðϸ¼ì²éһϣº
(gdb) frame 3
#3 0x08048393 in main () at crash.c:11
11 scanf("%d", input);
ʹÓÃGDBÌṩµÄframeÃüÁî¿ÉÒÔ¶¨Î»µ½·¢Éú´íÎóµÄ´úÂë¶Î£¬¸ÃÃüÁîºóÃæ¸ú×ŵÄÊýÖµ¿ÉÒÔÔÚbacktraceÃüÁîÊä³ö½á¹ûÖеÄÐÐÊ×ÕÒµ½¡£ÏÖÔÚÒѾ·¢ÏÖ´íÎóËùÔÚÁË£¬Ó¦¸Ã½«
scanf("%d", input);
¸ÄΪ
scanf("%d", &input);
Íê³Éºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔÍ˳öGDBÁË£¬ÃüÁîÈçÏ£º
(gdb) quit
GDBµÄ¹¦ÄÜÔ¶Ô¶²»Ö¹Èç´Ë£¬Ëü»¹¿ÉÒÔµ¥²½¸ú×Ù³ÌÐò¡¢¼ì²éÄÚ´æ±äÁ¿ºÍÉèÖöϵãµÈ¡£
µ÷ÊÔʱ¿ÉÄÜ»áÐèÒªÓõ½±àÒëÆ÷²úÉúµÄÖмä½á¹û£¬Õâʱ¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ-save-tempsÑ¡ÏÈÃGCC½«Ô¤´¦Àí´úÂë¡¢»ã±à´úÂëºÍÄ¿±ê´úÂ붼×÷ΪÎļþ±£´æÆðÀ´¡£Èç¹ûÏë¼ì²éÉú³ÉµÄ´úÂëÊÇ·ñÄܹ»Í¨¹ýÊÖ¹¤µ÷ÕûµÄ°ì·¨À´Ìá¸ßÖ´ÐÐÐÔÄÜ£¬ÔÚ±àÒë¹ý³ÌÖÐÉú³ÉµÄÖмäÎļþ½«»áºÜÓаïÖú£¬¾ßÌåÇé¿öÈçÏ£º
# gcc -save-temps foo.c -o foo
# ls foo*
foo foo.c foo.i foo.s
GCC Ö§³ÖµÄÆäËüµ÷ÊÔÑ¡Ï°üÀ¨-pºÍ-pg£¬ËüÃǻὫÆÊÎö£¨Profiling£©ÐÅÏ¢¼ÓÈëµ½×îÖÕÉú³ÉµÄ¶þ½øÖÆ´úÂëÖС£ÆÊÎöÐÅÏ¢¶ÔÓÚÕÒ³ö³ÌÐòµÄÐÔÄÜÆ¿¾±ºÜÓаïÖú£¬ÊÇÐÖúLinux³ÌÐòÔ±¿ª·¢³ö¸ßÐÔÄܳÌÐòµÄÓÐÁ¦¹¤¾ß¡£ÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÈë-pÑ¡Ïî»áÔÚÉú³ÉµÄ´úÂëÖмÓÈëͨÓÃÆÊÎö¹¤¾ß£¨Prof£©Äܹ»Ê¶±ðµÄͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢£¬¶ø- pgÑ¡ÏîÔòÉú³ÉÖ»ÓÐGNUÆÊÎö¹¤¾ß£¨Gprof£©²ÅÄÜʶ±ðµÄͳ¼ÆÐÅÏ¢¡£
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I_Empery ÓÚ 2007-03-05 20:53:58·¢±í:
:ha3nd :0D1 :0(1 :0)1
honckly ÓÚ 2007-02-04 13:18:43·¢±í:
²»´í£¡£¡
xplore0317 ÓÚ 2007-02-02 21:36:58·¢±í:
:ha3nd :ha3nd :ha3nd
xplore0317 ÓÚ 2007-02-02 21:36:07·¢±í:
:0L :0L :0L :0L :0L :0L :0L :0L