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Linux中硬链接和软链接的介绍

发布时间:2006-11-21 09:41:49来源:红联作者:flycocoon
　　首先要弄清楚,在Linux系统中,内核为每一个新创建的文件分配一个Inode(索引结点),每个文件都有一个惟一的inode号。文件属性保存在索引结点里，在访问文件时，索引结点被复制到内存在，从而实现文件的快速访问。

　　链接是一种在共享文件和访问它的用户的若干目录项之间建立联系的一种方法。Linux中包括两种链接：硬链接(Hard Link)和软链接(Soft Link),软链接又称为符号链接（Symbolic link）。

　　一、硬链接

　　硬链接说白了是一个指针，指向文件索引节点，系统并不为它重新分配inode。可以用:ln命令来建立硬链接。语法:

引用:
ln [options] existingfile newfile
ln[options] existingfile-list directory


　　用法: 第一种:为”existingfile”创建硬链接,文件名为”newfile”。第二种:在”directory”目录中,为”existingfile-list”中包含的所有文件创建一个同名的硬链接。常用可选[options] -f 无论”newfile”存在与否,都创建链接。-n 如果”newfile”已存在,就不创建链接。

　　下面举一些例子:

引用:
$ ls -il
13058 -rwx - - - - - - 1 longcheng longcheng 48 8月 5 16:38 file1
13059 -rwx - - - - - - 1 longcheng longcheng 57 8月 5 16:40 file2
$ ln file2 file2hard
$ ls -il
13058 -rwx - - - - - - 1 longcheng longcheng 48 8月 5 16:38 file1
13059 -rwx - - - - - - 2 longcheng longcheng 57 8月 5 16:40 file2
13059 -rwx - - - - - - 2 longcheng longcheng 57 8月 5 16:40 file2hard


　　注意在创建链接前,file1 显示的链接数目为1,创建链接后(1)file1和file1hard的链接数目都变为2;(2) file1和file1hard在inode号是一样的(3) file1和file1hard显示的文件大小也是一样。可见进行了ln命令的操作结果：file1和file1hard是同一个文件的两个名字，它们具有同样的索引节点号和文件属性，建立文件file1的硬链接，就是为file1的文件索引节点在当前目录上建立一个新指针。

　　链接数同时减一,只有将所有指向文件内容的指针,也即链接数减为0时，内核才会把文件内容从磁盘上删除。当前目录逻辑结构：(不好意思图没有显示出来)。

　　还可以在不同目录，但同一文件系统中建立文件的硬链接。设file1、file2在目录/home/longcheng/dir1中，下面的命令，在/home/longcheng中建立file2的硬链接。

引用:
ln file2 /home/longcheng/file2hard


　　下面的程序，是将dir1目录中所有文件，在目录dir2中建立硬链接

引用:
$mkdir dir2
$ln /home/longcheng/dir1/* /home/longcheng/dir2


　　如果使用了 ln -f existingfile newfile,如果newfile已经存在，则无论原来newfile是什么文件，只用当前用户对它有写权限，newfile就成为exisitngfile的硬链接文件。

　　尽管硬链接节省空间，也是Linux系统整合文件系统的传统方式，但是存在一下不足之处：

　　（1）不可以在不同文件系统的文件间建立链接

　　（2）只有超级用户才可以为目录创建硬链接。虽然很多树上说root用户可以创建，但是笔者在学习过程中发现即使是root用户也不能创建，我的系统是Redhat，内核2.4、2.6都试过，在其他系统中不知道是不是可以。
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