基于网络的RedHat系统无人值守安装-红联Linux系统门户

　　本文介绍了 PC 平台上的一种快速 Red Hat Linux 安装方案。它具有很高的自动化程度--用户只需手工启动机器并选择从网络启动，就可以完成整个安装过程。在需要批量安装大量 Red Hat Linux 系统和需要技术人员 Red Hat Linux 安装支持的情况下，这种方案可以节省大量的时间。而且由于不需要额外的软件和光驱和软驱等硬件设备，在成本上也有很大优势。所有安装 Red Hat Linux 的开发/测试人员，和 IT 支持人员都能够从本文中获益。读者在阅读本文前需要有 Red Hat Linux 的安装经验。

　　1. 引言

　　一般情况下，安装Linux需要从光驱用安装光盘启动机器，然后进入交互式安装界面输入安装所需的各种配置完成安装。在下面这些情况下，这种安装方式就会暴露出缺点：

　　1) 机器无光驱、光驱坏了（这种情况在现实中频繁发生) 或光盘坏了，无法从光驱安装Linux。
　　2) 软件测试人员在搭建测试环境时,需要安装大量的Red Hat Linux测试机器时。这时采用手工安装方式逐台机器安装效率会很低。
　　3) 对IT支持人员来说，指导一个Red Hat Linux生手安装Red Hat Linux系统会耗费很多时间。日复一日重复这种工作会浪费宝贵的人力资源。

　　从降低商业成本和提高安装系统效率的角度出发，本文向大家介绍一种方案--基于网络的Red Hat无人值守安装。该方案将很多安装准备工作在服务器上一次性完成，这样在客户机上安装时就不需要为每个客户机重复这些工作，节省了时间和成本，提高了效率。

　　在一次性的环境配置工作完毕后，该套方案能达到非常高的自动化程度：用户只需要执行很少的手工步骤即可完成安装。安装过程中的手工步骤和自动步骤如下：

　　1) 手工步骤：开机，选择从网络启动。如果你的方案配置得比较负责复杂灵活，也许还需要你选择安装何种系统。总之，手工步骤非常少。
　　2) 自动化步骤：剩余步骤，包括系统配置，硬盘分区，和程序包安装，将全部自动完成。

　　2. 方案介绍

　　这种方案需要首先设置一个启动服务器和一个安装服务器（可以配置在同一台物理机上），然后通过网络启动存放在启动服务器上的安装程序。安装程序会自动访问存放在安装服务器上的安装配置文件和安装介质来完成安装。

　　涉及到的技术

　　该方案主要应用了三种技术：
　　1) 在PC上从网络启动Red Hat Linux安装程序的PXE协议
　　2) Red Hat Linux安装程序提供的网络安装功能（即指通过网络访问安装介质）
　　3) Red Hat Linux 安装程序提供的无人值守安装功能（Red Hat称为kickstart）
　　技术1)和2)在参考资料1和2里已有部分介绍。本文将重点描述参考资料中未涉及部分和无人值守安装功能。

　　软硬件需求

　　要按本文介绍的方法完成自动化安装，你需要如下软硬件资源：
　　一台PC机器作为启动和安装服务器（其它架构机器也可以）
　　一台待安装的PC机器，它的网卡必须带有PXE支持
　　一个建好的局域网，上述两台机器已经连接入同一子网
　　待安装的Red Hat Linux安装介质

　　方案原理示意图

　　图1是网络安装环境的一个原理示意图。整个安装环境由一个局域网，和连接到该局域网的三台机器组成：启动服务器（Boot Server），安装服务器（Installation Server），和待安装机器（Client）。其中启动服务器和安装服务器可以部署在同一台物理机上。表1列出了对这些机器的软硬件要求，和其上负载的服务与数据。

[align=center]

图1 网络安装原理示意图

表1 网络安装环境里各机器上的软硬件配置[/align]

　　该方案的实现步骤
　　1) 配置启动服务器
　　2) 配置安装服务器
　　3) 从网络启动机器以完成安装

　　步骤1)和2)只需做一次即可。对每一台需安装Red Hat Linux的机器，都需要在启动服务器和安装服务器中部署相应的数据，并执行一次步骤3)。

　　下面将带领您逐一执行这些步骤。为了简单，我将用示例来说明如何在一台安装了 Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 3 Update 5 的 PC 机上设置启动服务器和安装服务器，并在一台PC上安装 Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 4 Update 2。

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基于网络的RedHat系统无人值守安装

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