一步一步建立基于ARM+Linux的cross toolchain-红联Linux系统门户

声明：本文在参考网上资料的基础上，以梁元恩的《如何为嵌入式开发建立交叉编译环境》为蓝本修改而成。对于自己在建立过程中遇到的问题进行了详细的说明，本文随自己学习的深入会进行相应的更新。

1 引言

由于一般嵌入式开发系统存储容量有限，在裁减和定制Linux，运用于嵌入式系统前，通常需要在PC机上建立一个用于目标机的交叉编译环境，也就是将各种二进制工具程序集成为工具链，其中包括如GNU的链接器（ld）、GNU的汇编器（as）、ar（产生修改和解开一个存档文件）、C编译器（gcc）以及C链接库（glibc）。本文以在Linux系统上针对目标机arm为例，介绍了跨平台开发工具链的建立过程。

2 基本概念

2.1 什么是交叉编译？

简单地说，交叉编译就是在一个平台上生成在另一个平台上执行的代码。这里的平台包括体系结构（Architecture）和操作系统（OS）。同一个体系结构可以运行不同的操作系统，同样，同一个操作系统也可以在不同的体系结构上运行。举例来说，x86 Linux平台是Intel x86 体系结构和Linux for x86操作系统的统称。

2.2 为什么要用交叉编译？

原因有两个。一是目标平台所需要的bootloader以及OS核心还没有建立时，需要作交叉编译。二是目标机设备不具备一定的处理器能力和存储空间，即单独在目标板上无法完成程序开发，所以只好求助宿主机。这样可以在宿主机上对即将在目标机上运行的应用程序进行编译，生成可以在目标机上运行的代码格式，然后移植到目标板上，也就是目前嵌入式程序开发的Host/Target模式。

2.3 对于i386的理解

如果单纯说i386、i686，就是指平时所说的CPU类型。从Linux内核设计上讲，i386是架构，i486/586/686这些CPU的架构都是i386，所以很多linux方面的设计都是基于i386。简单地说，i386跟ppc,alpha,arm等放在一起时就是指架构，跟i586，i686放在一起指处理器型号，一个是横向的，一个是纵向的。

3 建立过程

3.1 选定软件版本

要想选用适当的版本，以保证建立的工具链可用，就必须找到适合主机和目标板的组合。这些可以自己测试，也可以从网上寻找已经测试过的版本组合，即binutils、gcc、glibc的版本组合。我用的宿主机为redhat-9.0，目标机arm，选择的版本如下：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

binutils-2.11.2.tar.gz 包含有ld、ar、as等一些产生或者处理二进制文件的工具。

gcc-core-2.95.3.tar.gz 包含GCC的主体部分。

gcc-g++2.95.3.tar.gz 可以使GCC编译C++程序。

glibc-2.2.4.tar.gz libc是很多用户层应用都要用到的库，即C链接库。

glibc-linuxthreads-2.2.4.tar.gz libc用于支持Posix线程单独发布的压缩包。

linux-2.4.21.tar.gz+rmk1 Linux的内核及其支持ARM的补丁包。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

你可以尝试选定更新的版本，编译无法通过时，依次使用较旧的版本。即时发现新版本组合能够编译成功，仍然需要测试建立的工具链是否可以使用。

你可以从FTP网ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/或者任何其他的镜像网站下载GNU工具链的各个组件：binutils包位于binutils目录，gcc包位于gcc目录，而glibc包与glibc-linuxthreads包放在glibc目录。下面给出上面选用的各个版本的下载路径。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

binutils-2.11.2.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.11.2.tar.gz

gcc-core-2.95.3.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-2.95.3/gcc-core-2.95.3.tar.gz

gcc-g++2.95.3.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-2.95.3/gcc-g++-2.95.3.tar.gz

glibc-2.2.4.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.2.4.tar.gz

glibc-linuxthreads-2.2.4.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-linuxthreads-2.2.4.tar.gz

linux-2.4.21.tar.gz+rmk1

ftp://ftp.kernle.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.21.tar.gz

ftp://ftp.arm.linux.org.uk/pub/linux/arm/kernel/v2.4/patch-2.4.21-rmk1.gz

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2 建立工作目录

我的用户名为lqm，所以所有的工作都在/home/lqm下面建立完成。

************************************************************

$cd /home/lqm 进入工作目录

$pwd 查看当前目录

/home/lqm

$mkdir embedded-system 创建工具链文件夹

$ls 查看/home/lqm建立的所有文件

embedded-system

************************************************************

现在已经建立了顶层文件夹embedded-system，下面在此文件夹下建立如下几个目录：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

setup-dir 存放下载的压缩包

src-dir 存放binutils、gcc、glibc解压之后的源文件

kernel 存放内核文件，对内核的配置和编译工作也在此完成

build-dir 编译src-dir下面的源文件。这是GNU推荐的源文件目录与编译目录分离的做法。

tool-chain 交叉编译工具链的安装位置

program 存放编写程序

doc 说明文档和脚本文件

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

下面建立目录，并且下载源文件。

************************************************************

$pwd

/home/lqm/

$cd embedded-system

$mkdir setup-dir src-dir kernel build-dir tool-chain program doc

$ls

build-dir doc kernel program setup-dir src-dir tool-chain

$cd setup-dir

$wgetftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.11.2.tar.gz 下载源文件

$wgetftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-2.95.3/gcc-core-2.95.3.tar.gz

$wgetftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-2.95.3/gcc-g++-2.95.3.tar.gz

$wgetftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.2.4.tar.gz

$wgetftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-linuxthreads-2.2.4.tar.gz

$wgetftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.21.tar.gz

$wgetftp://ftp.arm.linux.org.uk/pub/linux/arm/kernel/v2.4/ patch-2.4.21-rmk1.gz

$ls

binutils-2.11.2.tar.gz gcc-g++-2.95.3.tar.gz glibc-linuxthreads-2.2.4.tar.gz

patch-2.4.21-rmk1.gz gcc-core-2.95.3.tar.gz glibc-2.2.4.tar.gz linux-2.4.21.tar.gz

$cd ../build-dir

$mkdir build-binutils build-gcc build-glibc 建立编译目录

************************************************************

3.3 输出环境变量

在建立与使用某些工具程序时，可能会用到这些目录的路径，如果设计一个简短的命令脚本，设定适当的环境变量，则可以简化操作过程。下面就建立命令脚本hjbl：

************************************************************

$pwd

/home/lqm/embedded-system/build-dir

$cd ../doc

$mkdir scripts

$cd scripts

$emacs hjbl 用文本编辑器emacs编译环境变量脚本

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

在随后打开的emacs编辑窗口中输入下面内容（如果在命令行界面下，则必须要用到vi文本编辑器，emacs则不可以）：

export PRJROOT=/home/lqm/embedded-system

export TARGET=arm-linux

export PREFIX=$PRJROOT/tool-chain

export TARGET_PREFIX=$PREFIX/$TARGET

export PATH=$PREFIX/bin:$PATH

保存后关闭emacs窗口，如果要在目前的窗口中执行此脚本，即让环境变量生效，还需要执行下面的语句：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$. hjbl(注意：在点和hjbl之间有一个空格)

$cd $PRJROOT 验证环境变量是否生效

$ls

build-dir doc kernel program setup-dir src-dir tool-chain

************************************************************

该环境变量的作用时间仅仅在Terminal当前窗口，如果将窗口关闭，开启一个新的窗口，则环境变量实效，需要重新执行下面的命令：

$. /home/lqm/embedded-system/doc/scripts/hjbl

说明：

TARGET变量用来定义目标板的类型，以后会根据此目标板的类型来建立工具链。参看表1。目标板的定义与主机的类型是没有关系的，但是如果更改TARGET的值，GNU工具链必须重新建立一次。

PREFIX变量提供了指针，指向目标板工具程序将被安装的目录。

TARGET_PREFIX变量指向与目标板相关的头文件和链接库将被安装的目录。

PATH变量指向二进制文件（可执行文件）将被安装的目录。

表1 TARGET变量值
实际的目标板 TARGET变量值
[table=200][tr][td] PowerPC [/td][td] powerpc- linux
[/td][/tr][tr][td] ARM
[/td][td] arm-linux
[/td][/tr][tr][td] MIPS(bigendian)
[/td][td] mips-linux
[/td][/tr][tr][td] MIPS(littleendian)
[/td][td] mipsel-linux
[/td][/tr][tr][td] SuperH 4
[/td][td] sh4-linux[/td][/tr][/table]

3.4 内核头文件的配置

内核头文件的配置是建立工具链的第一步。它与后面将要执行的其他步骤有着类似性，大多需要执行下面几步操作：

1、解压缩包

2、为跨平台开发设定包的配置

3、建立包

4、安装包

************************************************************

$pwd

/home/lqm/embedded-system/

$cd kernel

$tar xvzf ../setup-dir/ linux-2.4.21.tar.gz 解压缩

$gunzip ../setup-dir/ patch-2.4.21-rmk1.gz

$cd linux-2.4.21

$patch -p1 < ../../setup-dir/patch-2.4.21-rmk1 给Linux内核打补丁

$make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux- menuconfig 配置

$make dep

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

变量ARCH和CROSS_COMPILE的值与目标板的架构类型有关。如果使用PPC目标板，则ARCH=ppc CROSS_COMPILE=ppc-linux-。如果使用i386目标板，则ARCH=i386 CROSS_COMPILE=i386-linux-。

make menuconfig是以文本菜单方式配置。

make xconfig是以图形界面方式配置。

make config是纯文本方式界面配置。

一般选择make menuconfig，注意在选项System Types中选择正确的硬件类型。配置完退出并保存，检查一下的内核目录中的 kernel/linux-2.4.21/include/linux/version.h 和autoconf.h 文件是不是生成了，这是编译glibc是要用到。version.h 和 autoconf.h 文件的存在，说明你生成了正确的头文件。

然后，建立工具链需要的include目录，并将内核头文件复制过去。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$cd include

$ln -s asm-arm asm #可以查看一下，经过编译可以自动生成。如果已经生成连接，则不必写

$cd asm

$ln -s arch-epxa arch #同上说明

$ln -s proc-armv proc #同上说明

#这些是针对makefile文件作出的修改

$mkdir -p $TARGET_PREFIX/include

$cp -r $PRJROOT/kernel/linux-2.4.21/include/linux $TARGET_PREFIX/include

$cp -r $PRJROOT/kernrl/linux-2.4.21/include/asm-arm $TARGET_PREFIX/include/asm

************************************************************

注意：

1、不必再每次重新设定内核配置之后重建工具链，除非你变更了处理器或系统的类型。工具链只需要一组可供目标板使用的有效头文件即可，这些头文件在前面的程序中早就已经提供了。

2、asm-linux文件夹放到目标文件夹$TARGET_PREFIX/include/时要更改名称为asm，因为配置文件的include包含都是方式。这也是交叉编译的不同之处。否则就会出现类似下面的错误提示：

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.........

done

_udivsi3

_divsi3

_umodsi3

_modsi3

_dwmd_lnx

libgcc1.s:438:asm/unistd.h:No such file or directory

make [1] *** [libgcc1-asm.a] error 1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.5 binutils(二进制工具程序)的设置

binutils包中的工具常用来操作二进制目标文件。该包中最重要的两个工具就是GNU汇编器as和链接器ld。

************************************************************

$cd $PRJROOT/src-dir

$tar xvzf ../setup-dir/binutils-2.11.2.tar.gz

$cd $PRJROOT/build-dir/build-binutils

$../../src-dir/binutils-2.11.2/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix=$PREFIX

$make

$make install

$ls $PREFIX/bin 验证安装的结果是否正确

arm-linux-addr2line arm-linux-ld arm-linux-readelf

arm-linux-ar arm-linux-nm arm-linux-size

arm-linux-as arm-linux-objcopy arm-linux-strings

arm-linux-c++filt arm-linux-objdump arm-linux-strip

arm-linux-gasp arm-linux-ranlib

************************************************************

注意：每个工具的文件名的前缀都是前面为TARGET变量设定的值。如果目标板是i386-linux，那么这些工具的文件名前缀就会是i386-linux-。这样就可以根据目标板类型找到正确的工具程序。

3.6 初始编译器的建立

开始只能建立支持C语言的引导编译器，因为缺少C链接库（glibc）的支持。等到glibc编译好之后，可以重新编译gcc并提供完整的C++支持。

************************************************************

$cd $PRJROOT/setup-dir

$mv gcc-core-2.95.3.tar.gz gcc-2.95.3.tar.gz #重命名

$cd $PRJROOT/src-dir

$tar xvzf ../setup-dir/gcc-2.95.3.tar.gz

$cd $PRJROOT/build-dir/build-gcc

$../../src-dir/gcc-2.95.3/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix=$PREFIX --without-headers
--enable-languages=c

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

因为是交叉编译器，还不需要目标板的系统头文件，所以需要使用 --without-headers这个选项。--enable-language=c用来告诉配置脚本，需要产生的编译器支持何种语言，现在只能支持C语言。--disable-threads是因为threads需要glibc的支持。

准备好了Makefile文件，进行编译之前，需要修改src-dir/gcc-2.95.3/gcc/config/arm/t-linux文件，在TARGET_LIBGCC2_CFLAGS中添加两个定义：-Dinhibit_libc -D__gthr_posix_h，否则会报错。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$make

$make install

************************************************************

3.7 建立C库（glibc）

这一步是最为繁琐的过程。目标板必须靠它来执行或者是开发大部分的应用程序。glibc套件常被称为C链接库，但是glibc实际产生很多链接库，其中之一是C链接库libc。因为嵌入式系统的限制，标准GNU C链接库显得太大，不适合应用在目标板上。所以需要寻找C链接库的替代品，比如uClibc。在这里，现以标准GNU C为例建立工具链。

************************************************************

$cd $PRJROOT/src-dir

$tar xvzf ../setup-dir/glibc-2.2.4.tar.gz

$tar xvzf ../setup-dir/glibc-linuxthreads-2.2.4.tar.gz --directory=glibc-2.2.4

$cd $PRJROOT/build-dir/build-glibc

$CC=arm-linux-gcc ../../src-dir/glibc-2.2.4/configure --host=$TARGET --prefix=”/usr”
--enable-add-ons --with-headers=$TARGET_PREFIX/include

$make

$make install_root=$TARGET_PREFIX prefix=”” install

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

在这里设定了install_root变量，指向链接库组件目前所要安装的目录。这样可以让链接库及其头文件安装到通过TARGET_PREFIX指定的与目标板有关的目录，而不是建立系统本身的/usr目录。因为之前使用--prefix选项来设定prefix变量的值，而且prefix的值会被附加到install_root的值之后，成为链接库组件的安装目录，所以需要重新设定prefix的值。这样所有的glibc组件将会安装到$TARGET_PREFIX指定的目录下。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$cd $TARGET_PREFIX/lib

$cp ./libc.so ./libc.so.orig

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

编辑文件libc.so，更改如下：

/* GNU ld script

Use the shared library,but some functions are only in

the static library,so try that secondarily.*/

GROUP(libc.so.6 libc_nonshared.a)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

************************************************************

3.8 完整编译器的设置

现在可以为目标板安装支持C和C++的完整编译器了。这个步骤相对于前面来建立过程要简单一些。

************************************************************

$cd $PRJROOT/build-dir/build-gcc

$../../src-dir/gcc-2.95.3/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix=$PREFIX
--enable-languages=c,c++

$make all

$make install

************************************************************

3.9 完成工具链的设置

************************************************************

$cd $TARGET_PREFIX/bin

$file as ar gcc ld nm ranlib strip 查看文件是否为二进制文件

$arm-linux-gcc -print-search-dirs 查看缺省的搜寻路径

$mv as ar gcc ld nm ranlib strip $PREFIX/lib/gcc-lib/arm-linux/2.95.3 转移文件

$for file in as ar gcc ld nm ranlib strip

>do

>ln -s $PREFIX/lib/gcc-lib/arm-linux/2.95.3/$file

>done

************************************************************

3.10 使用工具链

下面编写一个简单的C程序，使用建立的工具链。、

************************************************************

$cd $PRJROOT/program

$emacs hello.c

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

在文本编辑器emacs中编写：

#include

int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<9;i++)
printf(“Hello World %d times!\n”,i);
}

保存退出
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$gcc -g hello.c -o hello

$gdb

(gdb)file hello

(gdb)l

#include
int main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<9;i++)
printf(“Hello World %d times!\n”,i);
}

(gdb)r

(gdb)q

$arm-linux-gcc -g hello.c -o hello-linux

$file hello-linux

hello-linux:ELF 32-bit LSB executable,ARM,version 1(ARM),for GNU/Linux 2.0.0,dynamically linked(uses shared libs),not stripped

************************************************************

上面的输出说明你编译了一个能在 arm 体系结构下运行的 hello-linux，证明你的编译工具做成功了。

4 总结

通过上面的操作，已经能够建立全功能的跨平台开发工具链，在以后的嵌入式开发中将会经常用到。

说明：-----之间为说明文字

***之间为源程序

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