Linux操作系统命令参考

英文Unix/Linux Command Reference

File Commands
ls - directory listing
ls -al - formatted listing with hidden files
cd dir - change directory to dir
cd - change to home
pwd - show current directory
mkdir dir - create a directory dir
rm file - delete file
rm -r dir - delete directory dir
rm -f file - force remove file
rm -rf dir - force remove directory dir *
cp file1 file2 - copy file1 to file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 - copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it
doesn't exist
mv file1 file2 - rename or move file1 to file2
if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into
directory file2
ln -s file link - create symbolic link link to file
touch file - create or update file
cat > file - places standard input into file
more file - output the contents of file
head file - output the first 10 lines of file
tail file - output the last 10 lines of file
tail -f file - output the contents of file as it
grows, starting with the last 10 lines

Process Management
ps - display your currently active processes
top - display all running processes
kill pid - kill process id pid
killall proc - kill all processes named proc *
bg - lists stopped or background jobs; resume a
stopped job in the background
fg - brings the most recent job to foreground
fg n - brings job n to the foreground

File Permissions
chmod octal file - change the permissions of file
to octal, which can be found separately for user,
group, and world by adding:
4 - read (r)
2 - write (w)
1 - execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 - read, write, execute for all
chmod 755 - rwx for owner, rx for group and world
For more options, see man chmod.

SSH
ssh user@host - connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host - connect to host on port
port as user
ssh-copy-id user@host - add your key to host for
user to enable a keyed or passwordless login

Searching
grep pattern files - search for pattern in files
grep -r pattern dir - search recursively for
pattern in dir
command | grep pattern - search for pattern in the
output of command
locate file - find all instances of file

System Info
date - show the current date and time
cal - show this month's calendar
uptime - show current uptime
w - display who is online
whoami - who you are logged in as
finger user - display information about user
uname -a - show kernel information
cat /proc/cpuinfo - cpu information
cat /proc/meminfo - memory information
man command - show the manual for command
df - show disk usage
du - show directory space usage
free - show memory and swap usage
whereis app - show possible locations of app
which app - show which app will be run by default

Compression
tar cf file.tar files - create a tar named
file.tar containing files
tar xf file.tar - extract the files from file.tar
tar czf file.tar.gz files - create a tar with
Gzip compression
tar xzf file.tar.gz - extract a tar using Gzip
tar cjf file.tar.bz2 - create a tar with Bzip2
compression
tar xjf file.tar.bz2 - extract a tar using Bzip2
gzip file - compresses file and renames it to
file.gz
gzip -d file.gz - decompresses file.gz back to
file

Network
ping host - ping host and output results
whois domain - get whois information for domain
dig domain - get DNS information for domain
dig -x host - reverse lookup host
wget file - download file
wget -c file - continue a stopped download

Installation
Install from source:
./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb - install a package (Debian)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm - install a package (RPM)

Shortcuts
Ctrl+C - halts the current command
Ctrl+Z - stops the current command, resume with
fg in the foreground or bg in the background
Ctrl+D - log out of current session, similar to exit
Ctrl+W - erases one word in the current line
Ctrl+U - erases the whole line
Ctrl+R - type to bring up a recent command
!! - repeats the last command
exit - log out of current session
* use with extreme caution.