之所以用源码编译的方式安装mono和monodevelop，是因为通过yum安装的mono不是最新版本，而且monodevelop不能建 asp.net MVC3的工程。
而且通过源码安装，可以进一步了解mono的各个项目之间的关系。
我用的Fedora16系统
1. mono的源码编译安装
下载mono的最新源码，github上的源码编译时总是报找不到 gmcs.exe的错误。
我是在mono的官网上下的最新源码，地址：https://wrench.mono-project.com/Wrench/index.aspx?show_all=true
我下的是mono-2.11.3版
# tar jxvf mono-2.11.3.tar.bz2
# cd mono-2.11.3
# ./autogen.sh --prefix=/usr/local
# make
# make install
需要注意的是用root用户来安装，否则有错误。
2. monodevelop的源码编译安装
monodevelop的源码编译安装相当曲折，搞了好几天。
有几点需要注意：
在monodevelop的官网上下最新源码，否则在./configure时会有找不到文件的错。
在安装monodevelop之前，要先安装一些依赖的包。（mono-addins，gtk-sharp，libglade2，gnome-sharp-2.0）
安装完后，需要设置LD_LIBRARY_PATH这个环境变量
用root用户来安装
安装monodevelop之前，按顺序安装一些依赖包：
(gtk-sharp --> mono-addins --> libglade2--> gnome-sharp-2.0)
这些包在安装时也会遇到各种问题，下面是我安装时遇到的各种问题及解决方法，供参考。
以上的安装顺序是我总结出来的，没有试验过。
我安装时并不知道上面的安装顺序，是直接安装monodevelop，然后遇到问题再解决的。我的安装顺序如下：
1) 和mono同样的网址下载monodevelop的最新代码。
# tar jxvf monodevelop-3.1.0.tar.bz2
# cd monodevelop-3.1.0
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
此时报了一个错误如下：找不到 UNMANAGED_DEPENDENCIES_MONO
[root@localhost monodevelop-3.1.0]# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking how to create a ustar tar archive... gnutar
checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no
checking for mono... /usr/local/bin/mono
checking for gmcs... /usr/local/bin/gmcs
checking for update-mime-database... /usr/bin/update-mime-database
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking for msgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt
checking for msgmerge... /usr/bin/msgmerge
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
checking for UNMANAGED_DEPENDENCIES_MONO... no
configure: error: Please install mono version 2.8 or later to install MonoDevelop.
Please see http://www.mono-project.org/ to download latest mono sources or packages
通过以下命令修复此错误：
# export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
再次执行：
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
此时报了一个错误如下：找不到 mono-addins
checking for UNMANAGED_DEPENDENCIES_MONO... yes
checking for mono... /usr/local/bin/mono
checking for dmcs... /usr/local/bin/dmcs
checking for MONO_ADDINS... no
configure: error: Package requirements (mono-addins >= 0.6) were not met:
No package 'mono-addins' found
Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you
installed software in a non-standard prefix.
Alternatively, you may set the environment variables MONO_ADDINS_CFLAGS
and MONO_ADDINS_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config.
See the pkg-config man page for more details.
下载mono-addins并安装，
下载地址： http://download.mono-project.com/sources/mono-addins/
# tar jxvf mono-addins-0.6.2.tar.bz2
# cd mono-addins-0.6.2
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
此时报了一个错误如下：找不到 gtk-sharp-2.0
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking how to create a ustar tar archive... gnutar
checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for gmcs... /usr/local/bin/gmcs
checking for gacutil... /usr/local/bin/gacutil
checking for al... /usr/local/bin/al
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
checking for GTK_SHARP_20... configure: error: Package requirements (gtk-sharp-2.0) were not met:
No package 'gtk-sharp-2.0' found
Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you
installed software in a non-standard prefix.
Alternatively, you may set the environment variables GTK_SHARP_20_CFLAGS
and GTK_SHARP_20_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config.
See the pkg-config man page for more details.
下载gtk-sharp并安装，
下载地址： http://download.mono-project.com/sources/gtk-sharp212/
# tar jxvf gtk-sharp-2.12.11.tar.bz2
# cd gtk-sharp-2.12.11
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make
# make install
gtk-sharp安装成功后，接着安装mono-addins
# cd ../mono-addins-0.6.2
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make
# make install
mono-addins安装成功后，接着安装monodevelop
# cd ../monodevelop-3.1.0
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
此时报了一个错误如下：找不到 glade-sharp-2.0
[root@localhost monodevelop-3.1.0]# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking how to create a ustar tar archive... gnutar
checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no
checking for mono... /usr/local/bin/mono
checking for gmcs... /usr/local/bin/gmcs
checking for update-mime-database... /usr/bin/update-mime-database
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking for msgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt
checking for msgmerge... /usr/bin/msgmerge
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
checking for UNMANAGED_DEPENDENCIES_MONO... yes
checking for mono... /usr/local/bin/mono
checking for dmcs... /usr/local/bin/dmcs
checking for MONO_ADDINS... yes
checking for MONO_ADDINS_SETUP... yes
checking for MONO_ADDINS_GUI... yes
checking for GLIB_SHARP... yes
checking for GTK_SHARP... yes
checking for GLADE_SHARP... no
configure: error: Package requirements (glade-sharp-2.0 >= 2.12.8) were not met:
No package 'glade-sharp-2.0' found
Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you
installed software in a non-standard prefix.
Alternatively, you may set the environment variables GLADE_SHARP_CFLAGS
and GLADE_SHARP_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config.
See the pkg-config man page for more details.
我不知道glade-sharp是什么包，先安装了libgdiplus
下载libgdiplus并安装，
下载地址： http://download.mono-project.com/sources/libgdiplus/
# tar jxvf libgdiplus-2.10.9.tar.bz2
# cd libgdiplus-2.10.9
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make
make时报了一个错误如下：
/usr/lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0: could not read symbols: Invalid operation
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [testgdi] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/libgdiplus-2.10.9/tests'
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/libgdiplus-2.10.9'
make: *** [all] Error 2
解决办法如下：
1. 运行./configure --prefix=/usr/local 之后，编辑 tests/Makefile 文件
2. 在Makefile文件130行位置，将 LIBS = -lpthread -lfontconfig
改为 LIBS = -lpthread -lfontconfig -lglib-2.0 -lX11
3. 再次运行 make 即可
# make
# make install
接着安装monodevelop
# cd ../monodevelop-3.1.0
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
仍然是错误：找不到 glade-sharp-2.0
利用yum 安装libglade2-devel，mono源码中没找到这个包
# yum search libglade2
# yum install libglade2-devel.x86_64
知道这个包的名称，也可以找相应的rpm来安装。
安装完libglade2后，重新安装 gtk-sharp2，安装方法上面已有。
接着，再次尝试安装 monodevelop：
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
此时报了一个错误如下：未安装gnome-sharp-2.0
[root@localhost monodevelop-3.1.0]# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking how to create a ustar tar archive... gnutar
checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no
checking for mono... /usr/local/bin/mono
checking for gmcs... /usr/local/bin/gmcs
checking for update-mime-database... /usr/bin/update-mime-database
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking for msgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt
checking for msgmerge... /usr/bin/msgmerge
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
checking for UNMANAGED_DEPENDENCIES_MONO... yes
checking for mono... /usr/local/bin/mono
checking for dmcs... /usr/local/bin/dmcs
checking for MONO_ADDINS... yes
checking for MONO_ADDINS_SETUP... yes
checking for MONO_ADDINS_GUI... yes
checking for GLIB_SHARP... yes
checking for GTK_SHARP... yes
checking for GLADE_SHARP... yes
checking for MONODOC... yes
checking for GNOME_SHARP... no
checking for GNOME_VFS_SHARP... no
checking for GCONF_SHARP... no
configure: error: Cannot enable GNOME platform without gnome-sharp-2.0
下载 gnome-sharp-2.0 并安装
下载地址：http://download.mono-project.com/sources/gnome-sharp220/
# tar jxvf gnome-sharp-2.20.1.tar.bz2
# cd gnome-sharp-2.20.1
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
虽然没有报错，但是提示缺少3个assmely: art-sharp.dll,gnomevfs-sharp.dll,gnome-sharp.dll
Configuration summary
* Installation prefix = /usr/local
* C# compiler: /usr/local/bin/mcs -define:GTK_SHARP_2_6 -define:GTK_SHARP_2_8 -define:GNOME_SHARP_2_16 -define:GNOME_SHARP_2_20
Optional assemblies included in the build:
* art-sharp.dll: no
* gnomevfs-sharp.dll: no
* gnome-sharp.dll: no
NOTE: if any of the above say 'no' you may install the
corresponding development packages for them, rerun
autogen.sh to include them in the build.
gnome-sharp.dll requires libgnomecanvas, libgnome,
libgnomeui, libgnomeprint, libgnomeprintui, and
libpanelapplet.
下面的两个dll对应如下库：（我是通过 yum找到的）
art-sharp.dll : libart_lgpl-devel
gnomevfs-sharp.dll: gnome-vfs2-devel
最后一个根据上面的提示，（对应如下库）
gnome-sharp.dll : libgnomecanvas, libgnome,
libgnomeui, libgnomeprint, libgnomeprintui, and
libpanelapplet(即gnome-panel-devel)
# make
make 后，报出如下错误：
error CS0006: Metadata file `Mono.GetOptions.dll' could not be found
经过调查，
1. 原来是gnome-sharp版本太旧的原因，
前面用的gnome-sharp-2.20.*用了Mono.GetOptions，更新至gnome-sharp-2.24.*
2. 注释掉gnome-sharp-2.24.1/sample/gnomevfs/Makefile中关于 Mono.GetOptions的内容
下载地址：http://download.mono-project.com/sources/gnome-sharp2/
# tar jxvf gnome-sharp-2.24.1.tar.bz2
# cd gnome-sharp-2.24.0
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make
# make install
接着，再次尝试安装 monodevelop：
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
此时会产生一些找不到 tests/UnitTests/Makefile.in 之类的错误。
经过调查，似乎是monodevelop 版本的问题，在monodevelop官网上下载最新的代码，
然后重新安装，终于安装成功。官网上最新版是3.0.3.4
# tar jxvf monodevelop-3.0.3.4.tar.bz2
# cd ../monodevelop-3.0.3.4
# ./configure --prefix=`pkg-config --variable=prefix mono`
# make
# make install
安装完后，monodevep却无法启动，错误如下：
System.TypeInitializationException: An exception was thrown by the type initializer for Mono.Unix.Native.Syscall ---> System.DllNotFoundException: libMonoPosixHelper.so
at (wrapper managed-to-native) Mono.Unix.Native.Syscall:_L_ctermid ()
at Mono.Unix.Native.Syscall..cctor () [0x00032] in /home/wangyb/downloads/mono/mono-2.11.3/mcs/class/Mono.Posix/Mono.Unix.Native/Syscall.cs:2599
--- End of inner exception stack trace ---
at MonoDevelop.Core.LoggingService.RedirectOutputToFileUnix (FilePath logDirectory, System.String logName) [0x0001f] in /home/wangyb/downloads/mono/monodevelop-3.0.3.4/src/core/MonoDevelop.Core/MonoDevelop.Core/LoggingService.cs:177
at MonoDevelop.Core.LoggingService.RedirectOutputToLogFile () [0x00046] in /home/wangyb/downloads/mono/monodevelop-3.0.3.4/src/core/MonoDevelop.Core/MonoDevelop.Core/LoggingService.cs:140
FATAL ERROR [2012-07-29 07:59:49Z]: MonoDevelop failed to start. Some of the assemblies required to run MonoDevelop (for example gtk-sharp, gnome-sharp or gtkhtml-sharp) may not be properly installed in the GAC.
System.TypeInitializationException: An exception was thrown by the type initializer for Gtk.Application ---> System.DllNotFoundException: glibsharpglue-2
at (wrapper managed-to-native) GLib.Thread:glibsharp_g_thread_supported ()
at GLib.Thread.get_Supported () [0x00000] in <filename unknown>:0
at Gtk.Application..cctor () [0x00000] in <filename unknown>:0
--- End of inner exception stack trace ---
at MonoDevelop.Ide.IdeStartup.Run (MonoDevelop.Ide.MonoDevelopOptions options) [0x00085] in /home/wangyb/downloads/mono/monodevelop-3.0.3.4/src/core/MonoDevelop.Ide/MonoDevelop.Ide/IdeStartup.cs:95
at MonoDevelop.Ide.IdeStartup.Main (System.String[] args) [0x00058] in /home/wangyb/downloads/mono/monodevelop-3.0.3.4/src/core/MonoDevelop.Ide/MonoDevelop.Ide/IdeStartup.cs:503
将LD_LIBRARY_PATH加入到启动的配置文件中，即 ～/.bashrc
内容如下：
# add mono LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
终于启动成功，也有 aspnet-mvc3的工程了。
3. 总结
记录下安装过程的错误，也是方便以后遇到相同的错误可以知道怎么解决。
大家在安装过程中如果有什么新的问题，欢迎交流。